Details on this package are located in Section 8.18.2, “Contents of Binutils.”
Copyright © 1999-2022 Gerard Beekmans
Copyright © 1999-2022, Gerard Beekmans
All rights reserved.
This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License.
Linux� is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
My journey to learn and better understand Linux began back in 1998. I had just installed my first Linux distribution and had quickly become intrigued with the whole concept and philosophy behind Linux.
There are always many ways to accomplish a single task. The same can be said about Linux distributions. A great many have existed over the years. Some still exist, some have morphed into something else, yet others have been relegated to our memories. They all do things differently to suit the needs of their target audience. Because so many different ways to accomplish the same end goal exist, I began to realize I no longer had to be limited by any one implementation. Prior to discovering Linux, we simply put up with issues in other Operating Systems as you had no choice. It was what it was, whether you liked it or not. With Linux, the concept of choice began to emerge. If you didn't like something, you were free, even encouraged, to change it.
I tried a number of distributions and could not decide on any one. They were great systems in their own right. It wasn't a matter of right and wrong anymore. It had become a matter of personal taste. With all that choice available, it became apparent that there would not be a single system that would be perfect for me. So I set out to create my own Linux system that would fully conform to my personal preferences.
To truly make it my own system, I resolved to compile everything from source code instead of using pre-compiled binary packages. This “perfect” Linux system would have the strengths of various systems without their perceived weaknesses. At first, the idea was rather daunting. I remained committed to the idea that such a system could be built.
After sorting through issues such as circular dependencies and compile-time errors, I finally built a custom-built Linux system. It was fully operational and perfectly usable like any of the other Linux systems out there at the time. But it was my own creation. It was very satisfying to have put together such a system myself. The only thing better would have been to create each piece of software myself. This was the next best thing.
As I shared my goals and experiences with other members of the Linux community, it became apparent that there was a sustained interest in these ideas. It quickly became plain that such custom-built Linux systems serve not only to meet user specific requirements, but also serve as an ideal learning opportunity for programmers and system administrators to enhance their (existing) Linux skills. Out of this broadened interest, the Linux From Scratch Project was born.
This Linux From Scratch book is the central core around that project. It provides the background and instructions necessary for you to design and build your own system. While this book provides a template that will result in a correctly working system, you are free to alter the instructions to suit yourself, which is, in part, an important part of this project. You remain in control; we just lend a helping hand to get you started on your own journey.
I sincerely hope you will have a great time working on your own Linux From Scratch system and enjoy the numerous benefits of having a system that is truly your own.
--
Gerard Beekmans
gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org
There are many reasons why you would want to read this book. One of the questions many people raise is, “why go through all the hassle of manually building a Linux system from scratch when you can just download and install an existing one?”
One important reason for this project's existence is to help you learn how a Linux system works from the inside out. Building an LFS system helps demonstrate what makes Linux tick, and how things work together and depend on each other. One of the best things that this learning experience can provide is the ability to customize a Linux system to suit your own unique needs.
Another key benefit of LFS is that it allows you to have more control over the system without relying on someone else's Linux implementation. With LFS, you are in the driver's seat and dictate every aspect of the system.
LFS allows you to create very compact Linux systems. When installing regular distributions, you are often forced to install a great many programs which are probably never used or understood. These programs waste resources. You may argue that with today's hard drive and CPUs, such resources are no longer a consideration. Sometimes, however, you are still constrained by size considerations if nothing else. Think about bootable CDs, USB sticks, and embedded systems. Those are areas where LFS can be beneficial.
Another advantage of a custom built Linux system is security. By compiling the entire system from source code, you are empowered to audit everything and apply all the security patches desired. It is no longer necessary to wait for somebody else to compile binary packages that fix a security hole. Unless you examine the patch and implement it yourself, you have no guarantee that the new binary package was built correctly and adequately fixes the problem.
The goal of Linux From Scratch is to build a complete and usable foundation-level system. If you do not wish to build your own Linux system from scratch, you may nevertheless benefit from the information in this book.
There are too many other good reasons to build your own LFS system to list them all here. In the end, education is by far the most powerful of reasons. As you continue in your LFS experience, you will discover the power that information and knowledge truly bring.
The primary target architectures of LFS are the AMD/Intel x86 (32-bit) and x86_64 (64-bit) CPUs. On the other hand, the instructions in this book are also known to work, with some modifications, with the Power PC and ARM CPUs. To build a system that utilizes one of these CPUs, the main prerequisite, in addition to those on the next page, is an existing Linux system such as an earlier LFS installation, Ubuntu, Red Hat/Fedora, SuSE, or other distribution that targets the architecture that you have. Also note that a 32-bit distribution can be installed and used as a host system on a 64-bit AMD/Intel computer.
For building LFS, the gain of building on a 64-bit system compared to a 32-bit system is minimal. For example, in a test build of LFS-9.1 on a Core i7-4790 CPU based system, using 4 cores, the following statistics were measured:
Architecture Build Time Build Size
32-bit 239.9 minutes 3.6 GB
64-bit 233.2 minutes 4.4 GB
As you can see, on the same hardware, the 64-bit build is only 3% faster and is 22% larger than the 32-bit build. If you plan to use LFS as a LAMP server, or a firewall, a 32-bit CPU may be largely sufficient. On the other hand, several packages in BLFS now need more than 4GB of RAM to be built and/or to run, so that if you plan to use LFS as a desktop, the LFS authors recommend building on a 64-bit system.
The default 64-bit build that results from LFS is considered a “pure” 64-bit system. That is, it supports 64-bit executables only. Building a “multi-lib” system requires compiling many applications twice, once for a 32-bit system and once for a 64-bit system. This is not directly supported in LFS because it would interfere with the educational objective of providing the instructions needed for a straightforward base Linux system. Some LFS/BLFS editors maintain a fork of LFS for multilib, which is accessible at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/~thomas/multilib/index.html. But it is an advanced topic.
Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge of using and installing Linux software.
Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.
Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following:
Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html
This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux. Although it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install software.
Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/
This guide provides a good summary of basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code.
The structure of LFS follows Linux standards as closely as possible. The primary standards are:
Linux Standard Base (LSB) Version 5.0 (2015)
The LSB has four separate standards: Core, Desktop, Runtime Languages, and Imaging. In addition to generic requirements there are also architecture specific requirements. There are also two areas for trial use: Gtk3 and Graphics. LFS attempts to conform to the architectures discussed in the previous section.
Many people do not agree with the requirements of the LSB. The main purpose of defining it is to ensure that proprietary software will be able to be installed and run properly on a compliant system. Since LFS is source based, the user has complete control over what packages are desired and many choose not to install some packages that are specified by the LSB.
Creating a complete LFS system capable of passing the LSB certifications tests is possible, but not without many additional packages that are beyond the scope of LFS. These additional packages have installation instructions in BLFS.
LSB Core: |
Bash, Bc, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, File, Findutils, Gawk, Grep, Gzip, M4, Man-DB, Ncurses, Procps, Psmisc, Sed, Shadow, Tar, Util-linux, Zlib |
LSB Desktop: |
None |
LSB Runtime Languages: |
Perl, Python |
LSB Imaging: |
None |
LSB Gtk3 and LSB Graphics (Trial Use): |
None |
LSB Core: |
At, Batch (a part of At), Cpio, Ed, Fcrontab, LSB-Tools, NSPR, NSS, PAM, Pax, Sendmail (or Postfix or Exim), time |
LSB Desktop: |
Alsa, ATK, Cairo, Desktop-file-utils, Freetype, Fontconfig, Gdk-pixbuf, Glib2, GTK+2, Icon-naming-utils, Libjpeg-turbo, Libpng, Libtiff, Libxml2, MesaLib, Pango, Xdg-utils, Xorg |
LSB Runtime Languages: |
Libxml2, Libxslt |
LSB Imaging: |
CUPS, Cups-filters, Ghostscript, SANE |
LSB Gtk3 and LSB Graphics (Trial Use): |
GTK+3 |
As stated earlier, the goal of LFS is to build a complete and usable foundation-level system. This includes all packages needed to replicate itself while providing a relatively minimal base from which to customize a more complete system based on the choices of the user. This does not mean that LFS is the smallest system possible. Several important packages are included that are not strictly required. The lists below document the rationale for each package in the book.
Acl
This package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
Attr
This package contains programs for administering extended attributes on filesystem objects.
Autoconf
This package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code from a developer's template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after updates to the build procedures.
Automake
This package contains programs for generating Make files from a template. It is often needed to rebuild a package after updates to the build procedures.
Bash
This package satisfies an LSB core requirement to provide a Bourne Shell interface to the system. It was chosen over other shell packages because of its common usage and extensive capabilities beyond basic shell functions.
Bc
This package provides an arbitrary precision numeric processing language. It satisfies a requirement needed when building the Linux kernel.
Binutils
This package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files. The programs in this package are needed to compile most of the packages in an LFS system and beyond.
Bison
This package contains the GNU version of yacc (Yet Another Compiler Compiler) needed to build several other LFS programs.
Bzip2
This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It is required to decompress many LFS packages.
Check
This package contains a test harness for other programs.
Coreutils
This package contains a number of essential programs for viewing and manipulating files and directories. These programs are needed for command line file management, and are necessary for the installation procedures of every package in LFS.
DejaGNU
This package contains a framework for testing other programs.
Diffutils
This package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories. These programs can be used to create patches, and are also used in many packages' build procedures.
E2fsprogs
This package contains the utilities for handling the ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems. These are the most common and thoroughly tested file systems that Linux supports.
Eudev
This package is a device manager. It dynamically controls the ownership, permissions, names, and symbolic links of devices in the /dev directory as devices are added or removed from the system.
Expat
This package contains a relatively small XML parsing library. It is required by the XML::Parser Perl module.
Expect
This package contains a program for carrying out scripted dialogues with other interactive programs. It is commonly used for testing other packages.
File
This package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files. A few packages need it in their build scripts.
Findutils
This package contains programs to find files in a file system. It is used in many packages' build scripts.
Flex
This package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text. It is the GNU version of the lex (lexical analyzer) program. It is required to build several LFS packages.
Gawk
This package contains programs for manipulating text files. It is the GNU version of awk (Aho-Weinberg-Kernighan). It is used in many other packages' build scripts.
GCC
This package is the Gnu Compiler Collection. It contains the C and C++ compilers as well as several others not built by LFS.
GDBM
This package contains the GNU Database Manager library. It is used by one other LFS package, Man-DB.
Gettext
This package contains utilities and libraries for internationalization and localization of numerous packages.
Glibc
This package contains the main C library. Linux programs will not run without it.
GMP
This package contains math libraries that provide useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic. It is required to build GCC.
Gperf
This package contains a program that generates a perfect hash function from a key set. It is required for Eudev.
Grep
This package contains programs for searching through files. These programs are used by most packages' build scripts.
Groff
This package contains programs for processing and formatting text. One important function of these programs is to format man pages.
GRUB
This package is the Grand Unified Boot Loader. It is one of several boot loaders available, but is the most flexible.
Gzip
This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It is needed to decompress many packages in LFS and beyond.
Iana-etc
This package provides data for network services and protocols. It is needed to enable proper networking capabilities.
Inetutils
This package contains programs for basic network administration.
Intltool
This package contains tools for extracting translatable strings from source files.
IProute2
This package contains programs for basic and advanced IPv4 and IPv6 networking. It was chosen over the other common network tools package (net-tools) for its IPv6 capabilities.
Kbd
This package contains key-table files, keyboard utilities for non-US keyboards, and a number of console fonts.
Kmod
This package contains programs needed to administer Linux kernel modules.
Less
This package contains a very nice text file viewer that allows scrolling up or down when viewing a file. It is also used by Man-DB for viewing manpages.
Libcap
This package implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels.
Libelf
The elfutils project provides libraries and tools for ELF files and DWARF data. Most utilities in this package are available in other packages, but the library is needed to build the Linux kernel using the default (and most efficient) configuration.
Libffi
This package implements a portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions. Some programs may not know at the time of compilation what arguments are to be passed to a function. For instance, an interpreter may be told at run-time about the number and types of arguments used to call a given function. Libffi can be used in such programs to provide a bridge from the interpreter program to compiled code.
Libpipeline
The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way. It is required by the Man-DB package.
Libtool
This package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in a consistent, portable interface. It is needed by the test suites in other LFS packages.
Linux Kernel
This package is the Operating System. It is the Linux in the GNU/Linux environment.
M4
This package contains a general text macro processor useful as a build tool for other programs.
Make
This package contains a program for directing the building of packages. It is required by almost every package in LFS.
Man-DB
This package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages. It was chosen instead of the man package due to superior internationalization capabilities. It supplies the man program.
Man-pages
This package contains the actual contents of the basic Linux man pages.
Meson
This package provides a software tool for automating the building of software. The main goal for Meson is to minimize the amount of time that software developers need to spend configuring their build system. It's required to build Systemd, as well as many BLFS packages.
MPC
This package contains functions for the arithmetic of complex numbers. It is required by GCC.
MPFR
This package contains functions for multiple precision arithmetic. It is required by GCC.
Ninja
This package contains a small build system with a focus on speed. It is designed to have its input files generated by a higher-level build system, and to run builds as fast as possible. This package is required by Meson.
Ncurses
This package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens. It is often used to provide cursor control for a menuing system. It is needed by a number of packages in LFS.
Openssl
This package provides management tools and libraries relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing cryptographic functions to other packages, including the Linux kernel.
Patch
This package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a patch file typically created by the diff program. It is needed by the build procedure for several LFS packages.
Perl
This package is an interpreter for the runtime language PERL. It is needed for the installation and test suites of several LFS packages.
Pkg-config
This package provides a program that returns meta-data about an installed library or package.
Procps-NG
This package contains programs for monitoring processes. These programs are useful for system administration, and are also used by the LFS Bootscripts.
Psmisc
This package contains programs for displaying information about running processes. These programs are useful for system administration.
Python 3
This package provides an interpreted language that has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability.
Readline
This package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities. It is used by Bash.
Sed
This package allows editing of text without opening it in a text editor. It is also needed by most LFS packages' configure scripts.
Shadow
This package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.
Sysklogd
This package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel or daemon processes when unusual events occur.
Sysvinit
This package provides the init program, which is the parent of all other processes on the Linux system.
Tar
This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS.
Tcl
This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages.
Texinfo
This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation procedures of many LFS packages.
Util-linux
This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages.
Vim
This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be substituted if desired.
XML::Parser
This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.
XZ Utils
This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.
Zlib
This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.
Zstd
This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs. It provides high compression ratios and a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs.
To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.
./configure --prefix=/usr
This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.
In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.
CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \ --prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror
Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab characters will create incorrect results.
install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'
This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually
as the result of commands issued. This format is also used to
show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf
.
Emphasis
This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.
https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/
This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs, download locations, and websites.
cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
......
EOF
This format is used when creating configuration files. The first
command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/group
from whatever is typed on the
following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is
encountered. Therefore, this entire section is generally typed as
seen.
<REPLACED TEXT>
This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.
[OPTIONAL TEXT]
This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.
passwd(5)
This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The
number inside parentheses indicates a specific section inside the
manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per
LFS installation instructions, those two man pages will be
located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1
and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5
. When the book
uses passwd(5)
it is specifically
referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5
. man passwd will print the first
man page it finds that matches “passwd”,
which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1
. For this example,
you will need to run man 5
passwd in order to read the page being specified.
Note that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in
different sections. Therefore, man
<program
name>
is generally sufficient.
This book is divided into the following parts.
Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-information about the book.
Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling temporary tools.
Part III provides instructions for building the tools needed for constructing the final LFS system.
Part IV guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.
Part V provides information about the book itself including acronyms and terms, acknowledgments, package dependencies, a listing of LFS boot scripts, licenses for the distribution of the book, and a comprehensive index of packages, programs, libraries, and scripts.
The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/11.1/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.
In addition, the Linux From Scratch editors maintain a list of security vulnerabilities discovered after a book was released. To check whether there are any active security vulnerabilities, please visit https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/advisories/ prior to proceeding with your build. You should note any advisories and perform the steps to fix any security vulnerabilities as you progress with building the LFS system.
The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora, or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs, including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution installation to be able to access these tools.
As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a commercial distribution.
Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of an appropriate working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.
Chapter 5, explains the installation of the initial tool chain, (binutils, gcc, and glibc) using cross compilation techniques to isolate the new tools from the host system.
Chapter 6 shows you how to cross-compile basic utilities using the just built cross-toolchain.
Chapter 7 then enters a "chroot" environment and uses the previously built tools to build the additional tools needed to build and test the final system.
This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to why this is done is provided in Toolchain Technical Notes.
In Chapter 8, The full LFS system is built. Another advantage provided by the chroot environment is that it allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as normal.
To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in Chapter 9, and the kernel and boot loader are set up in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps in this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.
This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on the LFS adventure.
In this version of LFS, there has been a major reorganization of the book using techniques that avoid changing the host system and provides a more straight forward build process.
Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book.
Upgraded to:
Automake-1.16.5
Bash 5.1.16
Bc 5.2.2
Binutils-2.38
Bison-3.8.2
Coreutils-9.0
E2fsprogs-1.46.5
Eudev-3.2.11
Expat-2.4.6
File-5.41
Findutils-4.9.0
Gawk-5.1.1
GDBM-1.23
Glibc-2.35
Gzip-1.11
IANA-Etc-20220207
Inetutils-2.2
IPRoute2-5.16.0
Libcap-2.63
Libelf-0.186 (from elfutils)
Libpipeline-1.5.5
Linux-5.16.9
Man-DB-2.10.1
Meson-0.61.1
Ncurses-6.3
Openssl-3.0.1
Python-3.10.2
Readline-8.1.2
Shadow-4.11.1
SysVinit-3.01
Tcl-8.6.12
Tzdata-2021e
Util-Linux-2.37.4
Vim-8.2.4383
Zstd-1.5.2
Added:
binutils-2.38-lto_fix-1.patch
coreutils-9.0-chmod_fix-1.patch
file-5.40-upstream_fixes-1.patch
shadow-4.10-useradd_segfault-1.patch
sysvinit-3.01-consolidated-1.patch
Removed:
This is version 11.1 of the Linux From Scratch book, dated March 1st, 2022. If this book is more than six months old, a newer and better version is probably already available. To find out, please check one of the mirrors via https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html.
Below is a list of changes made since the previous release of the book.
Changelog Entries:
2022-03-01
[bdubbs] - LFS-11.1 released.
2022-02-23
[bdubbs] - Update to expat-2.4.6 (security fix). Fixes #5011.
2022-02-15
[bdubbs] - LFS-11.1-rc1 released.
[bdubbs] - Add binutils-2.38 LTO patch. Fixes #5011.
[bdubbs] - Update to util-linux-2.37.4. Fixes #5010.
[bdubbs] - Update to man-db-2.10.1. Fixes #5009.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.16.9. Fixes #5008.
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.4383 (Security Update). Addresses #4500.
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20220207. Addresses #5006.
2022-02-10
[xry111] - Workaround the issue causing binaries link to libraries from the host distro for pass 2 binutils. It's now unnecessary to build zlib in chapter 6.
2022-02-09
2022-02-04
[xry111] - Remove bash +h
directives in chroot. Fixes
#4998.
[xry111] - Update to man-db-2.10.0. Fixes #5002.
[xry111] - Move OpenSSL before Kmod and enable OpenSSL for Kmod build.
[xry111] - Update to gdbm-1.23. Fixes #5000.
[xry111] - Update to tcl-8.6.12. Fixes #5001.
[thomas] - Remove sed from glibc instructions in chapter 8. It has been applied upstream.
2022-02-03
2022-01-29
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.16.4. Fixes #4991.
2022-01-27
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.4236. Addresses #4500.
[bdubbs] - Update to zstd-1.5.2. Fixes #4988.
[bdubbs] - Update to util-linux-2.37.3 (security fix). Fixes #4989.
[bdubbs] - Update to Python-3.10.2. Fixes #4987.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.16.2. Fixes #4979.
[bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.63. Fixes #4990.
[bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.16.0. Fixes #4982.
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20220120. Fixes #4975.
2022-01-20
2022-01-17
[thomas] - Added a fix of a typo to the meson-0.61.0 patch.
2022-01-15
2022-01-01
[bdubbs] - Update to e2fsprogs-1.46.5. Fixes #4974.
[bdubbs] - Update to zstd-1.5.1. Fixes #4972.
[bdubbs] - Update to expat-2.4.2. Fixes #4970.
[bdubbs] - Update to shadow-4.10. Fixes #4969.
[bdubbs] - Update to sysvinit-3.01. Fixes #4968.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.15.12. Fixes #4967.
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20211224. Fixes #4962.
[bdubbs] - Update to openssl-3.0.1. Fixes #4922.
[bdubbs] - Update to eudev-3.2.11. Fixes #4914.
2021-12-30
[renodr] - Update to meson-0.60.3. Fixes #4973.
2021-12-15
2021-12-14
[thomas] - Allow building findutils on 32 bit systems. Cherry-picked from multilib branch by [pierre].
2021-12-01
2021-11-15
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20211112. Fixes #4955.
[bdubbs] - Update to elfutils-0.186. Fixes #4954.
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-5.2.0. Fixes #4952.
[bdubbs] - Update to ncurses-6.3. Fixes #4951.
[bdubbs] - Update to libpipeline-1.5.4. Fixes #4950.
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.60.1. Fixes #4949.
[bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.15.0. Fixes #4948.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.15.2. Fixes #4947.
2021-11-01
[bdubbs] - Update to gawk-5.1.1. Fixes #4946.
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.60.0. Fixes #4945.
[bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.60. Fixes #4944.
[bdubbs] - Update to gdbm-1.22. Fixes #4943.
[bdubbs] - Update to file-5.41. Fixes #4942.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.14.15. Fixes #4941.
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20211025. Fixes #4940.
[bdubbs] - Update to tzdata-2021e. Fixes #4939.
2021-10-15
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.3508. Addresses #4500.
[bdubbs] - Update to tzdata-2021c. Fixes #4934.
[bdubbs] - Update to Python-3.10.0. Fixes #4938.
[bdubbs] - Update to Jinja2-3.0.2. Fixes #4937.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.14.12. Fixes #4932.
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20211004. Fixes #4933.
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-5.1.1. Fixes #4936.
[bdubbs] - Update to automake-1.16.5. Fixes #4935.
2021-10-01
[bdubbs] - Update to vim-8.2.3458. Addresses #4500.
[bdubbs] - Update to iana-etc-20210924. Addresses #4722.
[bdubbs] - Update to tzdata-2021b. Fixes #4929.
[bdubbs] - Update to sysvinit-3.0.0. Fixes #4927.
[bdubbs] - Update to meson-0.59.2. Fixes #4931.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.14.8. Fixes #4925.
[bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.59. Fixes #4926.
[bdubbs] - Update to coreutils-9.0. Fixes #4928.
[bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.8.2. Fixes #4930.
2021-09-15
[bdubbs] - Ensure tcl documentation instructions are present. Fixes #4923.
[bdubbs] - Update to Python3-3.9.7. Fixes #4916.
[bdubbs] - Update to linux-5.14.3. Fixes #4913.
[bdubbs] - Update to libcap-2.57. Fixes #4912.
[bdubbs] - Update to iproute2-5.14.0. Fixes #4917.
[bdubbs] - Update to inetutils-2.2. Fixes #4918.
[bdubbs] - Update to gzip-1.11. Fixes #4920.
[bdubbs] - Update to gdbm-1.21. Fixes #4919.
[bdubbs] - Update to bison-3.8.1. Fixes #4921.
[bdubbs] - Update to bc-5.0.2. Fixes #4905.
2021-09-08
[renodr] - Fix regressions in File that result in improper detection of text and XZ files.
2021-09-06
[bdubbs] - Text clarifications in the backup/restore section of Chapter 7. Thanks to Kevin Buckley for the patch.
2021-09-01
[bdubbs] - LFS-11.0 released.
If during the building of the LFS system you encounter any errors, have any questions, or think there is a typo in the book, please start by consulting the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) that is located at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/.
The linuxfromscratch.org
server
hosts a number of mailing lists used for the development of
the LFS project. These lists include the main development and
support lists, among others. If the FAQ does not solve the
problem you are having, the next step would be to search the
mailing lists at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html.
For information on the different lists, how to subscribe, archive locations, and additional information, visit https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html.
Several members of the LFS community offer assistance on
Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Before using this support, please
make sure that your question is not already answered in the
LFS FAQ or the mailing list archives. You can find the IRC
network at irc.libera.chat
. The
support channel is named #lfs-support.
The LFS project has a number of world-wide mirrors to make accessing the website and downloading the required packages more convenient. Please visit the LFS website at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html for a list of current mirrors.
If an issue or a question is encountered while working through this book, please check the FAQ page at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/faq/#generalfaq. Questions are often already answered there. If your question is not answered on this page, try to find the source of the problem. The following hint will give you some guidance for troubleshooting: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/errors.txt.
If you cannot find your problem listed in the FAQ, search the mailing lists at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/search.html.
We also have a wonderful LFS community that is willing to offer assistance through the mailing lists and IRC (see the Section 1.4, “Resources” section of this book). However, we get several support questions every day and many of them can be easily answered by going to the FAQ and by searching the mailing lists first. So, for us to offer the best assistance possible, you need to do some research on your own first. That allows us to focus on the more unusual support needs. If your searches do not produce a solution, please include all relevant information (mentioned below) in your request for help.
Apart from a brief explanation of the problem being experienced, the essential things to include in any request for help are:
The version of the book being used (in this case 11.1)
The host distribution and version being used to create LFS
The output from the Host System Requirements script
The package or section the problem was encountered in
The exact error message or symptom being received
Note whether you have deviated from the book at all
Deviating from this book does not mean that we will not help you. After all, LFS is about personal preference. Being upfront about any changes to the established procedure helps us evaluate and determine possible causes of your problem.
If something goes wrong while running the configure script, review
the config.log
file. This file
may contain errors encountered during configure which were not
printed to the screen. Include the relevant lines if you need to ask
for help.
Both the screen output and the contents of various files are useful in determining the cause of compilation problems. The screen output from the configure script and the make run can be helpful. It is not necessary to include the entire output, but do include enough of the relevant information. Below is an example of the type of information to include from the screen output from make:
gcc -DALIASPATH=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale:.\"
-DLOCALEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/share/locale\"
-DLIBDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/lib\"
-DINCLUDEDIR=\"/mnt/lfs/usr/include\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I.
-g -O2 -c getopt1.c
gcc -g -O2 -static -o make ar.o arscan.o commands.o dir.o
expand.o file.o function.o getopt.o implicit.o job.o main.o
misc.o read.o remake.o rule.o signame.o variable.o vpath.o
default.o remote-stub.o version.o opt1.o
-lutil job.o: In function `load_too_high':
/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1/job.c:1565: undefined reference
to `getloadavg'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [make] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1'
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/lfs/tmp/make-3.79.1'
make: *** [all-recursive-am] Error 2
In this case, many people would just include the bottom section:
make [2]: *** [make] Error 1
This is not enough information to properly diagnose the problem because it only notes that something went wrong, not what went wrong. The entire section, as in the example above, is what should be saved because it includes the command that was executed and the associated error message(s).
An excellent article about asking for help on the Internet is available online at http://catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html. Read and follow the hints in this document to increase the likelihood of getting the help you need.
In this chapter, the host tools needed for building LFS are checked and, if necessary, installed. Then a partition which will host the LFS system is prepared. We will create the partition itself, create a file system on it, and mount it.
Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate packages, often in the form of “<package-name>-devel” or “<package-name>-dev”. Be sure to install those if your distribution provides them.
Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but have not been tested.
Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)
Binutils-2.13.1 (Versions greater than 2.38 are not recommended as they have not been tested)
Bison-2.7 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)
Coreutils-6.9
Diffutils-2.8.1
Findutils-4.2.31
Gawk-4.0.1 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)
GCC-4.8 including the C++ compiler, g++ (Versions greater than 11.2.0 are not recommended as they have not been tested). C and C++ standard libraries (with headers) must also be present so the C++ compiler can build hosted programs
Grep-2.5.1a
Gzip-1.3.12
Linux Kernel-3.2
The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we specify that version when building glibc in Chapter 5 and Chapter 8, at the recommendation of the developers. It is also required by udev.
If the host kernel is earlier than 3.2 you will need to replace the kernel with a more up to date version. There are two ways you can go about this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 3.2 or later kernel package. If so, you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't offer an acceptable kernel package, or you would prefer not to install it, you can compile a kernel yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and configuring the boot loader (assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in Chapter 10.
M4-1.4.10
Make-4.0
Patch-2.5.4
Perl-5.8.8
Python-3.4
Sed-4.1.5
Tar-1.22
Texinfo-4.7
Xz-5.0.0
Note that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build an LFS system using the instructions contained within this book. Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash, mawk, etc.) may work, but are not tested or supported by the LFS development team, and may require either deviation from the instructions or additional patches to some packages.
To see whether your host system has all the appropriate versions, and the ability to compile programs, run the following:
cat > version-check.sh << "EOF"
#!/bin/bash
# Simple script to list version numbers of critical development tools
export LC_ALL=C
bash --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f2-4
MYSH=$(readlink -f /bin/sh)
echo "/bin/sh -> $MYSH"
echo $MYSH | grep -q bash || echo "ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash"
unset MYSH
echo -n "Binutils: "; ld --version | head -n1 | cut -d" " -f3-
bison --version | head -n1
if [ -h /usr/bin/yacc ]; then
echo "/usr/bin/yacc -> `readlink -f /usr/bin/yacc`";
elif [ -x /usr/bin/yacc ]; then
echo yacc is `/usr/bin/yacc --version | head -n1`
else
echo "yacc not found"
fi
echo -n "Coreutils: "; chown --version | head -n1 | cut -d")" -f2
diff --version | head -n1
find --version | head -n1
gawk --version | head -n1
if [ -h /usr/bin/awk ]; then
echo "/usr/bin/awk -> `readlink -f /usr/bin/awk`";
elif [ -x /usr/bin/awk ]; then
echo awk is `/usr/bin/awk --version | head -n1`
else
echo "awk not found"
fi
gcc --version | head -n1
g++ --version | head -n1
grep --version | head -n1
gzip --version | head -n1
cat /proc/version
m4 --version | head -n1
make --version | head -n1
patch --version | head -n1
echo Perl `perl -V:version`
python3 --version
sed --version | head -n1
tar --version | head -n1
makeinfo --version | head -n1 # texinfo version
xz --version | head -n1
echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c && g++ -o dummy dummy.c
if [ -x dummy ]
then echo "g++ compilation OK";
else echo "g++ compilation failed"; fi
rm -f dummy.c dummy
EOF
bash version-check.sh
LFS is designed to be built in one session. That is, the instructions assume that the system will not be shut down during the process. That does not mean that the system has to be done in one sitting. The issue is that certain procedures have to be re-accomplished after a reboot if resuming LFS at different points.
These chapters are accomplished on the host system. When restarting, be careful of the following:
Procedures done as the root
user after Section 2.4 need to
have the LFS environment variable set FOR THE ROOT USER.
The /mnt/lfs partition must be mounted.
These two chapters must be done as user
lfs
. A su - lfs needs to be
done before any task in these chapters. Failing to do
that, you are at risk of installing packages to the
host, and potentially rendering it unusable.
The procedures in General Compilation Instructions are critical. If there is any doubt about installing a package, ensure any previously expanded tarballs are removed, then re-extract the package files, and complete all instructions in that section.
The /mnt/lfs partition must be mounted.
A few operations, from “Changing
Ownership” to “Entering the Chroot
Environment” must be done as the
root
user, with the LFS
environment variable set for the root
user.
When entering chroot, the LFS environment variable must
be set for root
. The
LFS variable is not used afterwards.
The virtual file systems must be mounted. This can be
done before or after entering chroot by changing to a
host virtual terminal and, as root
, running the commands in
Section 7.3.2,
“Mounting and Populating /dev” and
Section 7.3.3,
“Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems”.
Like most other operating systems, LFS is usually installed on a dedicated partition. The recommended approach to building an LFS system is to use an available empty partition or, if you have enough unpartitioned space, to create one.
A minimal system requires a partition of around 10 gigabytes (GB). This is enough to store all the source tarballs and compile the packages. However, if the LFS system is intended to be the primary Linux system, additional software will probably be installed which will require additional space. A 30 GB partition is a reasonable size to provide for growth. The LFS system itself will not take up this much room. A large portion of this requirement is to provide sufficient free temporary storage as well as for adding additional capabilities after LFS is complete. Additionally, compiling packages can require a lot of disk space which will be reclaimed after the package is installed.
Because there is not always enough Random Access Memory (RAM)
available for compilation processes, it is a good idea to use a
small disk partition as swap
space. This is used by the kernel to store seldom-used data and
leave more memory available for active processes. The
swap
partition for an LFS
system can be the same as the one used by the host system, in
which case it is not necessary to create another one.
Start a disk partitioning program such as cfdisk or fdisk with a command line
option naming the hard disk on which the new partition will be
created—for example /dev/sda
for the primary disk drive. Create a
Linux native partition and a swap
partition, if needed. Please refer to
cfdisk(8)
or fdisk(8)
if you do not yet know how to use
the programs.
For experienced users, other partitioning schemes are possible. The new LFS system can be on a software RAID array or an LVM logical volume. However, some of these options require an initramfs, which is an advanced topic. These partitioning methodologies are not recommended for first time LFS users.
Remember the designation of the new partition (e.g.,
sda5
). This book will refer to
this as the LFS partition. Also remember the designation of the
swap
partition. These names
will be needed later for the /etc/fstab
file.
Requests for advice on system partitioning are often posted on the LFS mailing lists. This is a highly subjective topic. The default for most distributions is to use the entire drive with the exception of one small swap partition. This is not optimal for LFS for several reasons. It reduces flexibility, makes sharing of data across multiple distributions or LFS builds more difficult, makes backups more time consuming, and can waste disk space through inefficient allocation of file system structures.
A root LFS partition (not to be confused with the
/root
directory) of twenty
gigabytes is a good compromise for most systems. It
provides enough space to build LFS and most of BLFS, but is
small enough so that multiple partitions can be easily
created for experimentation.
Most distributions automatically create a swap partition. Generally the recommended size of the swap partition is about twice the amount of physical RAM, however this is rarely needed. If disk space is limited, hold the swap partition to two gigabytes and monitor the amount of disk swapping.
If you want to use the hibernation feature (suspend-to-disk) of Linux, it writes out the contents of RAM to the swap partition before turning off the machine. In this case the size of the swap partition should be at least as large as the system's installed RAM.
Swapping is never good. For mechanical hard drives you can generally tell if a system is swapping by just listening to disk activity and observing how the system reacts to commands. For an SSD drive you will not be able to hear swapping but you can tell how much swap space is being used by the top or free programs. Use of an SSD drive for a swap partition should be avoided if possible. The first reaction to swapping should be to check for an unreasonable command such as trying to edit a five gigabyte file. If swapping becomes a normal occurrence, the best solution is to purchase more RAM for your system.
If the boot disk has been partitioned with a GUID Partition Table (GPT), then a small, typically 1 MB, partition must be created if it does not already exist. This partition is not formatted, but must be available for GRUB to use during installation of the boot loader. This partition will normally be labeled 'BIOS Boot' if using fdisk or have a code of EF02 if using gdisk.
The Grub Bios partition must be on the drive that the BIOS uses to boot the system. This is not necessarily the same drive where the LFS root partition is located. Disks on a system may use different partition table types. The requirement for this partition depends only on the partition table type of the boot disk.
There are several other partitions that are not required, but should be considered when designing a disk layout. The following list is not comprehensive, but is meant as a guide.
/boot – Highly recommended. Use this partition to store kernels and other booting information. To minimize potential boot problems with larger disks, make this the first physical partition on your first disk drive. A partition size of 200 megabytes is quite adequate.
/home – Highly recommended. Share your home directory and user customization across multiple distributions or LFS builds. The size is generally fairly large and depends on available disk space.
/usr – In LFS, /bin
, /lib
, and /sbin
are symlinks to their
counterpart in /usr
. So
/usr
contains all
binaries needed for the system to run. For LFS a
separate partition for /usr
is normally not needed. If you
need it anyway, you should make a partition large
enough to fit all programs and libraries in the
system. The root partition can be very small (maybe
just one gigabyte) in this configuration, so it's
suitable for a thin client or diskless workstation
(where /usr
is mounted
from a remote server). However you should take care
that an initramfs (not covered by LFS) will be needed
to boot a system with separate /usr
partition.
/opt – This directory is most useful for BLFS where multiple installations of large packages like Gnome or KDE can be installed without embedding the files in the /usr hierarchy. If used, 5 to 10 gigabytes is generally adequate.
/tmp – A separate /tmp directory is rare, but useful if configuring a thin client. This partition, if used, will usually not need to exceed a couple of gigabytes.
/usr/src – This partition is very useful for providing a location to store BLFS source files and share them across LFS builds. It can also be used as a location for building BLFS packages. A reasonably large partition of 30-50 gigabytes allows plenty of room.
Any separate partition that you want automatically mounted
upon boot needs to be specified in the /etc/fstab
. Details about how to specify
partitions will be discussed in Section 10.2,
“Creating the /etc/fstab File”.
Now that a blank partition has been set up, the file system can be created. LFS can use any file system recognized by the Linux kernel, but the most common types are ext3 and ext4. The choice of file system can be complex and depends on the characteristics of the files and the size of the partition. For example:
is suitable for small partitions that are updated infrequently such as /boot.
is an upgrade to ext2 that includes a journal to help recover the partition's status in the case of an unclean shutdown. It is commonly used as a general purpose file system.
is the latest version of the ext file system family of partition types. It provides several new capabilities including nano-second timestamps, creation and use of very large files (16 TB), and speed improvements.
Other file systems, including FAT32, NTFS, ReiserFS, JFS, and XFS are useful for specialized purposes. More information about these file systems can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems.
LFS assumes that the root file system (/) is of type ext4. To
create an ext4
file system on
the LFS partition, run the following:
mkfs -v -t ext4 /dev/<xxx>
Replace <xxx>
with the name of the LFS partition.
If you are using an existing swap
partition, there is no need to format
it. If a new swap
partition was
created, it will need to be initialized with this command:
mkswap /dev/<yyy>
Replace <yyy>
with the name of the swap
partition.
Throughout this book, the environment variable LFS
will be used several times. You should
ensure that this variable is always defined throughout the LFS
build process. It should be set to the name of the directory
where you will be building your LFS system - we will use
/mnt/lfs
as an example, but the
directory choice is up to you. If you are building LFS on a
separate partition, this directory will be the mount point for
the partition. Choose a directory location and set the variable
with the following command:
export LFS=/mnt/lfs
Having this variable set is beneficial in that commands such as mkdir -v $LFS/tools can be typed literally. The shell will automatically replace “$LFS” with “/mnt/lfs” (or whatever the variable was set to) when it processes the command line.
Do not forget to check that LFS
is
set whenever you leave and reenter the current working
environment (such as when doing a su to root
or another user). Check that the
LFS
variable is set up properly
with:
echo $LFS
Make sure the output shows the path to your LFS system's
build location, which is /mnt/lfs
if the provided example was
followed. If the output is incorrect, use the command given
earlier on this page to set $LFS
to the correct directory name.
One way to ensure that the LFS
variable is always set is to edit the .bash_profile
file in both your personal
home directory and in /root/.bash_profile
and enter the export
command above. In addition, the shell specified in the
/etc/passwd
file for all users
that need the LFS
variable needs
to be bash to ensure that the /root/.bash_profile
file is incorporated as
a part of the login process.
Another consideration is the method that is used to log into
the host system. If logging in through a graphical display
manager, the user's .bash_profile
is not normally used when a
virtual terminal is started. In this case, add the export
command to the .bashrc
file for
the user and root
. In
addition, some distributions have instructions to not run the
.bashrc
instructions in a
non-interactive bash invocation. Be sure to add the export
command before the test for non-interactive use.
Now that a file system has been created, the partition needs to
be made accessible. In order to do this, the partition needs to
be mounted at a chosen mount point. For the purposes of this
book, it is assumed that the file system is mounted under the
directory specified by the LFS
environment variable as described in the previous section.
Create the mount point and mount the LFS file system by running:
mkdir -pv $LFS
mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<xxx>
$LFS
Replace <xxx>
with the designation of the LFS partition.
If using multiple partitions for LFS (e.g., one for
/
and another for /home
), mount them using:
mkdir -pv $LFS mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<xxx>
$LFS mkdir -v $LFS/home mount -v -t ext4 /dev/<yyy>
$LFS/home
Replace <xxx>
and <yyy>
with
the appropriate partition names.
Ensure that this new partition is not mounted with permissions
that are too restrictive (such as the nosuid
or nodev
options). Run the mount command without any
parameters to see what options are set for the mounted LFS
partition. If nosuid
and/or
nodev
are set, the partition will
need to be remounted.
The above instructions assume that you will not be restarting your computer throughout the LFS process. If you shut down your system, you will either need to remount the LFS partition each time you restart the build process or modify your host system's /etc/fstab file to automatically remount it upon boot. For example:
/dev/<xxx>
/mnt/lfs ext4 defaults 1 1
If you use additional optional partitions, be sure to add them also.
If you are using a swap
partition, ensure that it is enabled using the swapon command:
/sbin/swapon -v /dev/<zzz>
Replace <zzz>
with the name of the swap
partition.
Now that there is an established place to work, it is time to download the packages.
This chapter includes a list of packages that need to be downloaded in order to build a basic Linux system. The listed version numbers correspond to versions of the software that are known to work, and this book is based on their use. We highly recommend against using different versions because the build commands for one version may not work with a different version, unless the different version is specified by a LFS errata or security advisory. The newest package versions may also have problems that require work-arounds. These work-arounds will be developed and stabilized in the development version of the book.
For some packages, the release tarball and the (Git or SVN) repository snapshot tarball for this release may be published with similar file name. A release tarball contains generated files (for example, configure script generated by autoconf), in addition to the contents of the corresponding repository snapshot. The book uses release tarballs whenever possible. Using a repository snapshot instead of a release tarball specified by the book will cause problems.
Download locations may not always be accessible. If a download location has changed since this book was published, Google (http://www.google.com/) provides a useful search engine for most packages. If this search is unsuccessful, try one of the alternative means of downloading at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/mirrors.html#files.
Downloaded packages and patches will need to be stored
somewhere that is conveniently available throughout the entire
build. A working directory is also required to unpack the
sources and build them. $LFS/sources
can be used both as the place to
store the tarballs and patches and as a working directory. By
using this directory, the required elements will be located on
the LFS partition and will be available during all stages of
the building process.
To create this directory, execute the following command, as
user root
, before starting the
download session:
mkdir -v $LFS/sources
Make this directory writable and sticky. “Sticky” means that even if multiple users have write permission on a directory, only the owner of a file can delete the file within a sticky directory. The following command will enable the write and sticky modes:
chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources
There are several ways to obtain all the necessary packages and patches to build LFS:
The files can be downloaded individually as described in the next two sections.
For stable versions of the book, a tarball of all the needed files can be downloaded from one of the LFS files mirrors listed at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mirrors.html#files.
The files can be downloaded using wget and a wget-list as described below.
To download all of the packages and patches by using wget-list as an input to the wget command, use:
wget --input-file=wget-list --continue --directory-prefix=$LFS/sources
The wget-list
file mentioned
above retrieves all packages for both the sysV and systemd
versions of LFS. There are a total of five additional small
packages not needed for the currrent book. The md5sums
file mentioned below is specific to
the current book.
Additionally, starting with LFS-7.0, there is a separate file,
md5sums, which can be
used to verify that all the correct packages are available
before proceeding. Place that file in $LFS/sources
and run:
pushd $LFS/sources md5sum -c md5sums popd
This check can be used after retrieving the needed files with any of the methods listed above.
Download or otherwise obtain the following packages:
Home page: https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl
Download: https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/acl/acl-2.3.1.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 95ce715fe09acca7c12d3306d0f076b2
Home page: https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/attr
Download: https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/attr/attr-2.5.1.tar.gz
MD5 sum: ac1c5a7a084f0f83b8cace34211f64d8
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autoconf/autoconf-2.71.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 12cfa1687ffa2606337efe1a64416106
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/automake/automake-1.16.5.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 4017e96f89fca45ca946f1c5db6be714
SHA256 sum: 80facc09885a57e6d49d06972c0ae1089c5fa8f4d4c7cfe5baea58e5085f136d
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/bash-5.1.16.tar.gz
MD5 sum: c17b20a09fc38d67fb303aeb6c130b4e
Home page: https://git.yzena.com/gavin/bc
Download: https://github.com/gavinhoward/bc/releases/download/5.2.2/bc-5.2.2.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 632344cdb052af0e06087bd3b0034126
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/binutils/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/binutils/binutils-2.38.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 6e39cad1bb414add02b5b1169c18fdc5
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/bison/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-3.8.2.tar.xz
MD5 sum: c28f119f405a2304ff0a7ccdcc629713
Download: https://www.sourceware.org/pub/bzip2/bzip2-1.0.8.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 67e051268d0c475ea773822f7500d0e5
Home page: https://libcheck.github.io/check
Download: https://github.com/libcheck/check/releases/download/0.15.2/check-0.15.2.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 50fcafcecde5a380415b12e9c574e0b2
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/coreutils-9.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 0d79ae8a6124546e3b94171375e5e5d0
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/dejagnu/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/dejagnu-1.6.3.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 68c5208c58236eba447d7d6d1326b821
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/diffutils/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/diffutils/diffutils-3.8.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 6a6b0fdc72acfe3f2829aab477876fbc
Home page: http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/
Download: https://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs/v1.46.5/e2fsprogs-1.46.5.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 3da91854c960ad8a819b48b2a404eb43
Home page: https://sourceware.org/elfutils/
Download: https://sourceware.org/ftp/elfutils/0.186/elfutils-0.186.tar.bz2
MD5 sum: 2c095e31e35d6be7b3718477b6d52702
Download: https://github.com/eudev-project/eudev/releases/download/v3.2.11/eudev-3.2.11.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 417ba948335736d4d81874fba47a30f7
Home page: https://libexpat.github.io/
Download: https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expat/expat-2.4.6.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 22a30c888752fdda9f8dd1b7281c54b0
The upstream may remove tarballs of the specific releases of Expat when these releases contain a security vulnerability. You should refer to LFS security advisories to figure out which version (with the vulnerability fixed) should be used. You may download the vulnerable version from a mirror, but it's not recommended.
Home page: https://core.tcl.tk/expect/
Download: https://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/expect/expect5.45.4.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 00fce8de158422f5ccd2666512329bd2
Home page: https://www.darwinsys.com/file/
Download: https://astron.com/pub/file/file-5.41.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 18233bb0a0089dfdc7dfbc93b96f231b
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/findutils/findutils-4.9.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 4a4a547e888a944b2f3af31d789a1137
Home page: https://github.com/westes/flex
Download: https://github.com/westes/flex/releases/download/v2.6.4/flex-2.6.4.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 2882e3179748cc9f9c23ec593d6adc8d
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-5.1.1.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 83650aa943ff2fd519b2abedf8506ace
Home page: https://gcc.gnu.org/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/gcc-11.2.0/gcc-11.2.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 31c86f2ced76acac66992eeedce2fce2
SHA256 sum: d08edc536b54c372a1010ff6619dd274c0f1603aa49212ba20f7aa2cda36fa8b
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdbm/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gdbm/gdbm-1.23.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 8551961e36bf8c70b7500d255d3658ec
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gettext/gettext-0.21.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 40996bbaf7d1356d3c22e33a8b255b31
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/glibc/glibc-2.35.tar.xz
MD5 sum: dd571c67d85d89d7f60b854a4e207423
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/gmp/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gmp/gmp-6.2.1.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 0b82665c4a92fd2ade7440c13fcaa42b
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/gperf/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gperf/gperf-3.1.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 9e251c0a618ad0824b51117d5d9db87e
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grep/grep-3.7.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 7c9cca97fa18670a21e72638c3e1dabf
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/groff/groff-1.22.4.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 08fb04335e2f5e73f23ea4c3adbf0c5f
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.06.tar.xz
MD5 sum: cf0fd928b1e5479c8108ee52cb114363
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.11.tar.xz
MD5 sum: d1e93996dba00cab0caa7903cd01d454
Home page: https://www.iana.org/protocols
Download: https://github.com/Mic92/iana-etc/releases/download/20220207/iana-etc-20220207.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 81d865ce7fe4240d5abed48c3ca5fa9f
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/inetutils/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/inetutils/inetutils-2.2.tar.xz
MD5 sum: de8c1b49cbde2b30e481c61c65357ad4
SHA256 sum: 01b9a4bc73a47e63f6e8a07b76122d9ad2a2e46ebf14870e9c91d660b5647a22
Home page: https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/intltool
Download: https://launchpad.net/intltool/trunk/0.51.0/+download/intltool-0.51.0.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 12e517cac2b57a0121cda351570f1e63
Home page: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/iproute2-5.16.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 994c1bad2a24aa9d70e89670c5b5dfcb
Home page: https://kbd-project.org/
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kbd/kbd-2.4.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 3cac5be0096fcf7b32dcbd3c53831380
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod-29.tar.xz
MD5 sum: e81e63acd80697d001c8d85c1acb38a0
Home page: https://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/
Download: https://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/less-590.tar.gz
MD5 sum: f029087448357812fba450091a1172ab
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/11.1/lfs-bootscripts-20210608.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 0f51a074cc4faaff93b3c80e9ab27b0c
Home page: https://sites.google.com/site/fullycapable/
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/linux-privs/libcap2/libcap-2.63.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 18410cec436f827e698ee9ea16ada9b7
Home page: https://sourceware.org/libffi/
Download: https://github.com/libffi/libffi/releases/download/v3.4.2/libffi-3.4.2.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 294b921e6cf9ab0fbaea4b639f8fdbe8
Home page: http://libpipeline.nongnu.org/
Download: https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/libpipeline/libpipeline-1.5.5.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 3e725c76bfea1985e87e851ee50c2e29
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libtool/libtool-2.4.6.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 1bfb9b923f2c1339b4d2ce1807064aa5
Home page: https://www.kernel.org/
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.16.9.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 4d6a704bf3e249ef6189b6f17457084b
The Linux kernel is updated relatively often, many times due to discoveries of security vulnerabilities. The latest available stable kernel version may be used, unless the errata page says otherwise.
For users with limited speed or expensive bandwidth who wish to update the Linux kernel, a baseline version of the package and patches can be downloaded separately. This may save some time or cost for a subsequent patch level upgrade within a minor release.
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/m4/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.19.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 0d90823e1426f1da2fd872df0311298d
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/make-4.3.tar.gz
MD5 sum: fc7a67ea86ace13195b0bce683fd4469
Home page: https://www.nongnu.org/man-db/
Download: https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/man-db/man-db-2.10.1.tar.xz
MD5 sum: b03b76a9a00d0d6b2299b823fba4f579
Home page: https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/man-pages/man-pages-5.13.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 3ac24e8c6fae26b801cb87ceb63c0a30
Home page: https://mesonbuild.com
Download: https://github.com/mesonbuild/meson/releases/download/0.61.1/meson-0.61.1.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 8ed66d5537275df3defffb66d1fb897f
Home page: http://www.multiprecision.org/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpc/mpc-1.2.1.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 9f16c976c25bb0f76b50be749cd7a3a8
Home page: https://www.mpfr.org/
Download: https://www.mpfr.org/mpfr-4.1.0/mpfr-4.1.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: bdd3d5efba9c17da8d83a35ec552baef
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/ncurses/
Download: https://invisible-mirror.net/archives/ncurses/ncurses-6.3.tar.gz
MD5 sum: a2736befde5fee7d2b7eb45eb281cdbe
Home page: https://ninja-build.org/
Download: https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/archive/v1.10.2/ninja-1.10.2.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 639f75bc2e3b19ab893eaf2c810d4eb4
Home page: https://www.openssl.org/
Download: https://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-3.0.1.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 7d07e849d77d276891edd579a8832bb3
Home page: https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/patch/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/patch/patch-2.7.6.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 78ad9937e4caadcba1526ef1853730d5
Home page: https://www.perl.org/
Download: https://www.cpan.org/src/5.0/perl-5.34.0.tar.xz
MD5 sum: df7ecb0653440b26dc951ad9dbfab517
Home page: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/pkg-config
Download: https://pkg-config.freedesktop.org/releases/pkg-config-0.29.2.tar.gz
MD5 sum: f6e931e319531b736fadc017f470e68a
Home page: https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng
Download: https://sourceforge.net/projects/procps-ng/files/Production/procps-ng-3.3.17.tar.xz
MD5 sum: d60613e88c2f442ebd462b5a75313d56
Home page: https://gitlab.com/psmisc/psmisc
Download: https://sourceforge.net/projects/psmisc/files/psmisc/psmisc-23.4.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 8114cd4489b95308efe2509c3a406bbf
Home page: https://www.python.org/
Download: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.2/Python-3.10.2.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 14e8c22458ed7779a1957b26cde01db9
Download: https://www.python.org/ftp/python/doc/3.10.2/python-3.10.2-docs-html.tar.bz2
MD5 sum: ffa52f0017baf72df9d32dec785fd6ab
Home page: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/readline/readline-8.1.2.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 12819fa739a78a6172400f399ab34f81
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/sed/sed-4.8.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 6d906edfdb3202304059233f51f9a71d
Home page: https://shadow-maint.github.io/shadow/
Download: https://github.com/shadow-maint/shadow/releases/download/v4.11.1/shadow-4.11.1.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 5a95ec069aa91508167d02fecafaa912
Home page: https://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/
Download: https://www.infodrom.org/projects/sysklogd/download/sysklogd-1.5.1.tar.gz
MD5 sum: c70599ab0d037fde724f7210c2c8d7f8
Home page: https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/sysvinit
Download: https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/sysvinit/sysvinit-3.01.tar.xz
MD5 sum: dc14f92af715bcfa33cc25341730452e
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tar/tar-1.34.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 9a08d29a9ac4727130b5708347c0f5cf
Home page: http://tcl.sourceforge.net/
Download: https://downloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.12-src.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 87ea890821d2221f2ab5157bc5eb885f
Download: https://downloads.sourceforge.net/tcl/tcl8.6.12-html.tar.gz
MD5 sum: a0d1a5b60bbb68f2f0bd3066a19c527a
Home page: https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
Download: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-6.8.tar.xz
MD5 sum: a91b404e30561a5df803e6eb3a53be71
Home page: https://www.iana.org/time-zones
Download: https://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/releases/tzdata2021e.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 4fdfad906ebc85fef30221c10964cce9
Download: https://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 27cd82f9a61422e186b9d6759ddf1634
Home page: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/util-linux/util-linux.git/
Download: https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.37/util-linux-2.37.4.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 755919e658c349cad9e1c7c771742d48
Home page: https://www.vim.org
Download: https://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/vim-8.2.4383.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 3168ff48e382a1201bd0cbd0209bd3e0
The version of vim changes daily. To get the latest version, go to https://github.com/vim/vim/tags.
Home page: https://github.com/chorny/XML-Parser
Download: https://cpan.metacpan.org/authors/id/T/TO/TODDR/XML-Parser-2.46.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 80bb18a8e6240fcf7ec2f7b57601c170
Home page: https://tukaani.org/xz
Download: https://tukaani.org/xz/xz-5.2.5.tar.xz
MD5 sum: aa1621ec7013a19abab52a8aff04fe5b
Home page: https://www.zlib.net/
Download: https://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.xz
MD5 sum: 85adef240c5f370b308da8c938951a68
Home page: https://facebook.github.io/zstd/
Download: https://github.com/facebook/zstd/releases/download/v1.5.2/zstd-1.5.2.tar.gz
MD5 sum: 072b10f71f5820c24761a65f31f43e73
Total size of these packages: about 446 MB
In addition to the packages, several patches are also required. These patches correct any mistakes in the packages that should be fixed by the maintainer. The patches also make small modifications to make the packages easier to work with. The following patches will be needed to build an LFS system:
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/binutils-2.38-lto_fix-1.patch
MD5 sum: 3df11b6123d5bbdb0fc83862a003827a
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch
MD5 sum: 6a5ac7e89b791aae556de0f745916f7f
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/coreutils-9.0-i18n-1.patch
MD5 sum: 1eeba2736dfea013509f9975365e4e32
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/coreutils-9.0-chmod_fix-1.patch
MD5 sum: 4709df88e68279e6ef357aa819ba5b1a
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/glibc-2.35-fhs-1.patch
MD5 sum: 9a5997c3452909b1769918c759eff8a2
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/kbd-2.4.0-backspace-1.patch
MD5 sum: f75cca16a38da6caa7d52151f7136895
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/perl-5.34.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch
MD5 sum: fb42558b59ed95ee00eb9f1c1c9b8056
Download: https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/lfs/11.1/sysvinit-3.01-consolidated-1.patch
MD5 sum: 4900322141d493e74020c9cf437b2cdc
Total size of these patches: about 193.7 KB
In addition to the above required patches, there exist a number of optional patches created by the LFS community. These optional patches solve minor problems or enable functionality that is not enabled by default. Feel free to peruse the patches database located at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/patches/downloads/ and acquire any additional patches to suit your system needs.
In this chapter, we will perform a few additional tasks to
prepare for building the temporary system. We will create a set
of directories in $LFS
for the
installation of the temporary tools, add an unprivileged user
to reduce risk, and create an appropriate build environment for
that user. We will also explain the unit of time we use to
measure how long LFS packages take to build, or “SBUs”,
and give some information about package test suites.
The first task performed in the LFS partition is to create a limited directory hierarchy so that programs compiled in Chapter 6 (as well as glibc and libstdc++ in Chapter 5) may be installed in their final location. This is needed so that those temporary programs be overwritten when rebuilding them in Chapter 8.
Create the required directory layout by running the following
as root
:
mkdir -pv $LFS/{etc,var} $LFS/usr/{bin,lib,sbin} for i in bin lib sbin; do ln -sv usr/$i $LFS/$i done case $(uname -m) in x86_64) mkdir -pv $LFS/lib64 ;; esac
Programs in Chapter 6 will be compiled with a cross-compiler (more details in section Toolchain Technical Notes). In order to separate this cross-compiler from the other programs, it will be installed in a special directory. Create this directory with:
mkdir -pv $LFS/tools
When logged in as user root
,
making a single mistake can damage or destroy a system.
Therefore, the packages in the next two chapters are built as
an unprivileged user. You could use your own user name, but to
make it easier to set up a clean working environment, create a
new user called lfs
as a member
of a new group (also named lfs
)
and use this user during the installation process. As
root
, issue the following
commands to add the new user:
groupadd lfs useradd -s /bin/bash -g lfs -m -k /dev/null lfs
The meaning of the command line options:
-s
/bin/bash
This makes bash the default shell
for user lfs
.
-g
lfs
This option adds user lfs
to group lfs
.
-m
This creates a home directory for lfs
.
-k
/dev/null
This parameter prevents possible copying of files from a
skeleton directory (default is /etc/skel
) by changing the input
location to the special null device.
lfs
This is the actual name for the created user.
To log in as lfs
(as opposed to
switching to user lfs
when
logged in as root
, which does
not require the lfs
user to
have a password), give lfs
a
password:
passwd lfs
Grant lfs
full access to all
directories under $LFS
by making
lfs
the directory owner:
chown -v lfs $LFS/{usr{,/*},lib,var,etc,bin,sbin,tools} case $(uname -m) in x86_64) chown -v lfs $LFS/lib64 ;; esac
If a separate working directory was created as suggested, give
user lfs
ownership of this
directory:
chown -v lfs $LFS/sources
In some host systems, the following command does not complete properly and suspends the login to the lfs user to the background. If the prompt "lfs:~$" does not appear immediately, entering the fg command will fix the issue.
Next, login as user lfs
. This
can be done via a virtual console, through a display manager,
or with the following substitute/switch user command:
su - lfs
The “-
” instructs
su to start a
login shell as opposed to a non-login shell. The difference
between these two types of shells can be found in detail in
bash(1)
and info bash.
Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup
files for the bash shell. While logged in
as user lfs
, issue the
following command to create a new .bash_profile
:
cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash
EOF
When logged on as user lfs
, the
initial shell is usually a login shell which reads the
/etc/profile
of the host
(probably containing some settings and environment variables)
and then .bash_profile
. The
exec env
-i.../bin/bash command in the .bash_profile
file replaces the running shell
with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for
the HOME
, TERM
, and PS1
variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially
hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into
the build environment. The technique used here achieves the
goal of ensuring a clean environment.
The new instance of the shell is a non-login shell, which does not
read, and execute, the contents of /etc/profile
or .bash_profile
files, but rather reads, and
executes, the .bashrc
file
instead. Create the .bashrc
file
now:
cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
LFS=/mnt/lfs
LC_ALL=POSIX
LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu
PATH=/usr/bin
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE
EOF
The meaning of the settings in .bashrc
set
+h
The set +h
command turns off bash's hash function.
Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature—bash uses a hash table
to remember the full path of executable files to avoid
searching the PATH
time and
again to find the same executable. However, the new tools
should be used as soon as they are installed. By
switching off the hash function, the shell will always
search the PATH
when a program
is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly
compiled tools in $LFS/tools/bin
as soon as they are
available without remembering a previous version of the
same program provided by the host distro, in /usr/bin
or /bin
.
umask
022
Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022
ensures that newly created files and directories are only
writable by their owner, but are readable and executable
by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the
open(2)
system call, new
files will end up with permission mode 644 and
directories with mode 755).
LFS=/mnt/lfs
The LFS
variable should be set
to the chosen mount point.
LC_ALL=POSIX
The LC_ALL
variable controls
the localization of certain programs, making their
messages follow the conventions of a specified country.
Setting LC_ALL
to “POSIX” or “C”
(the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will
work as expected in the chroot environment.
LFS_TGT=(uname
-m)-lfs-linux-gnu
The LFS_TGT
variable sets a
non-default, but compatible machine description for use
when building our cross compiler and linker and when
cross compiling our temporary toolchain. More information
is contained in Toolchain Technical
Notes.
PATH=/usr/bin
Many modern linux distributions have merged /bin
and /usr/bin
. When this is the case, the
standard PATH
variable needs
just to be set to /usr/bin/
for the Chapter 6
environment. When this is not the case, the following
line adds /bin
to the path.
if [ ! -L
/bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi
If /bin
is not a symbolic
link, then it has to be added to the PATH
variable.
PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH
By putting $LFS/tools/bin
ahead of the standard PATH
,
the cross-compiler installed at the beginning of
Chapter 5
is picked up by the shell immediately after its
installation. This, combined with turning off hashing,
limits the risk that the compiler from the host be used
instead of the cross-compiler.
CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site
In Chapter 5
and
Chapter 6, if this variable is not set,
configure
scripts may attempt to load configuration items specific
to some distributions from /usr/share/config.site
on the host
system. Override it to prevent potential contamination
from the host.
export
...
While the above commands have set some variables, in order to make them visible within any sub-shells, we export them.
Several commercial distributions add a non-documented
instantiation of /etc/bash.bashrc
to the initialization of
bash. This file
has the potential to modify the lfs
user's environment in ways that can
affect the building of critical LFS packages. To make sure
the lfs
user's environment is
clean, check for the presence of /etc/bash.bashrc
and, if present, move it
out of the way. As the root
user, run:
[ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE
After use of the lfs
user is
finished at the beginning of
Chapter 7, you can restore /etc/bash.bashrc
(if desired).
Note that the LFS Bash package we will build in Section 8.34,
“Bash-5.1.16” is not configured to load or
execute /etc/bash.bashrc
, so
this file is useless on a completed LFS system.
Finally, to have the environment fully prepared for building the temporary tools, source the just-created user profile:
source ~/.bash_profile
Many people would like to know beforehand approximately how long it takes to compile and install each package. Because Linux From Scratch can be built on many different systems, it is impossible to provide accurate time estimates. The biggest package (Glibc) will take approximately 20 minutes on the fastest systems, but could take up to three days on slower systems! Instead of providing actual times, the Standard Build Unit (SBU) measure will be used instead.
The SBU measure works as follows. The first package to be compiled from this book is binutils in Chapter 5. The time it takes to compile this package is what will be referred to as the Standard Build Unit or SBU. All other compile times will be expressed relative to this time.
For example, consider a package whose compilation time is 4.5 SBUs. This means that if a system took 10 minutes to compile and install the first pass of binutils, it will take approximately 45 minutes to build this example package. Fortunately, most build times are shorter than the one for binutils.
In general, SBUs are not entirely accurate because they depend on many factors, including the host system's version of GCC. They are provided here to give an estimate of how long it might take to install a package, but the numbers can vary by as much as dozens of minutes in some cases.
For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores) the compilation time for a package can be reduced by performing a "parallel make" by either setting an environment variable or telling the make program how many processors are available. For instance, an Intel i5-6500 CPU can support four simultaneous processes with:
export MAKEFLAGS='-j4'
or just building with:
make -j4
When multiple processors are used in this way, the SBU units in the book will vary even more than they normally would. In some cases, the make step will simply fail. Analyzing the output of the build process will also be more difficult because the lines of different processes will be interleaved. If you run into a problem with a build step, revert back to a single processor build to properly analyze the error messages.
Most packages provide a test suite. Running the test suite for a newly built package is a good idea because it can provide a “sanity check” indicating that everything compiled correctly. A test suite that passes its set of checks usually proves that the package is functioning as the developer intended. It does not, however, guarantee that the package is totally bug free.
Some test suites are more important than others. For example, the test suites for the core toolchain packages—GCC, binutils, and glibc—are of the utmost importance due to their central role in a properly functioning system. The test suites for GCC and glibc can take a very long time to complete, especially on slower hardware, but are strongly recommended.
Running the test suites in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 is impossible, since the programs are compiled with a cross-compiler, so are not supposed to be able to run on the build host.
A common issue with running the test suites for binutils and
GCC is running out of pseudo terminals (PTYs). This can result
in a high number of failing tests. This may happen for several
reasons, but the most likely cause is that the host system does
not have the devpts
file system
set up correctly. This issue is discussed in greater detail at
https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/faq.html#no-ptys.
Sometimes package test suites will fail, but for reasons which the developers are aware of and have deemed non-critical. Consult the logs located at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/11.1/ to verify whether or not these failures are expected. This site is valid for all tests throughout this book.
This part is divided into three stages: first building a cross compiler and its associated libraries; second, use this cross toolchain to build several utilities in a way that isolates them from the host distribution; third, enter the chroot environment, which further improves host isolation, and build the remaining tools needed to build the final system.
With this part begins the real work of building a new system. It requires much care in ensuring that the instructions are followed exactly as the book shows them. You should try to understand what they do, and whatever your eagerness to finish your build, you should refrain from blindly type them as shown, but rather read documentation when there is something you do not understand. Also, keep track of your typing and of the output of commands, by sending them to a file, using the tee utility. This allows for better diagnosing if something gets wrong.
The next section gives a technical introduction to the build process, while the following one contains very important general instructions.
This section explains some of the rationale and technical details behind the overall build method. It is not essential to immediately understand everything in this section. Most of this information will be clearer after performing an actual build. This section can be referred to at any time during the process.
The overall goal of Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 is to produce a temporary area that contains a known-good set of tools that can be isolated from the host system. By using chroot, the commands in the remaining chapters will be contained within that environment, ensuring a clean, trouble-free build of the target LFS system. The build process has been designed to minimize the risks for new readers and to provide the most educational value at the same time.
The build process is based on the process of cross-compilation. Cross-compilation is normally used for building a compiler and its toolchain for a machine different from the one that is used for the build. This is not strictly needed for LFS, since the machine where the new system will run is the same as the one used for the build. But cross-compilation has the great advantage that anything that is cross-compiled cannot depend on the host environment.
The LFS book is not, and does not contain a general tutorial to build a cross (or native) toolchain. Don't use the command in the book for a cross toolchain which will be used for some purpose other than building LFS, unless you really understand what you are doing.
Cross-compilation involves some concepts that deserve a section on their own. Although this section may be omitted in a first reading, coming back to it later will be beneficial to your full understanding of the process.
Let us first define some terms used in this context:
is the machine where we build programs. Note that this machine is referred to as the “host” in other sections.
is the machine/system where the built programs will run. Note that this use of “host” is not the same as in other sections.
is only used for compilers. It is the machine the compiler produces code for. It may be different from both build and host.
As an example, let us imagine the following scenario (sometimes referred to as “Canadian Cross”): we may have a compiler on a slow machine only, let's call it machine A, and the compiler ccA. We may have also a fast machine (B), but with no compiler, and we may want to produce code for another slow machine (C). To build a compiler for machine C, we would have three stages:
Stage | Build | Host | Target | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | A | B | build cross-compiler cc1 using ccA on machine A |
2 | A | B | C | build cross-compiler cc2 using cc1 on machine A |
3 | B | C | C | build compiler ccC using cc2 on machine B |
Then, all the other programs needed by machine C can be compiled using cc2 on the fast machine B. Note that unless B can run programs produced for C, there is no way to test the built programs until machine C itself is running. For example, for testing ccC, we may want to add a fourth stage:
Stage | Build | Host | Target | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
4 | C | C | C | rebuild and test ccC using itself on machine C |
In the example above, only cc1 and cc2 are cross-compilers, that is, they produce code for a machine different from the one they are run on. The other compilers ccA and ccC produce code for the machine they are run on. Such compilers are called native compilers.
Almost all the build systems use names of the form
cpu-vendor-kernel-os referred to as the machine triplet. An
astute reader may wonder why a “triplet” refers to a four
component name. The reason is history: initially, three
component names were enough to designate a machine
unambiguously, but with new machines and systems appearing,
that proved insufficient. The word “triplet” remained. A simple way
to determine your machine triplet is to run the
config.guess
script that comes with the source for many packages. Unpack
the binutils sources and run the script: ./config.guess
and note
the output. For example, for a 32-bit Intel processor the
output will be i686-pc-linux-gnu. On a 64-bit
system it will be x86_64-pc-linux-gnu.
Also be aware of the name of the platform's dynamic linker,
often referred to as the dynamic loader (not to be confused
with the standard linker ld that is part of
binutils). The dynamic linker provided by Glibc finds and
loads the shared libraries needed by a program, prepares
the program to run, and then runs it. The name of the
dynamic linker for a 32-bit Intel machine is ld-linux.so.2
and is ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
for 64-bit systems.
A sure-fire way to determine the name of the dynamic linker
is to inspect a random binary from the host system by
running: readelf -l
<name of binary> | grep interpreter
and noting the output. The authoritative reference covering
all platforms is in the shlib-versions
file in the root of the
Glibc source tree.
In order to fake a cross compilation in LFS, the name of the
host triplet is slightly adjusted by changing the "vendor"
field in the LFS_TGT
variable. We
also use the --with-sysroot
option when
building the cross linker and cross compiler to tell them
where to find the needed host files. This ensures that none
of the other programs built in Chapter 6
can link to libraries on the build machine. Only two stages
are mandatory, and one more for tests:
Stage | Build | Host | Target | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | pc | pc | lfs | build cross-compiler cc1 using cc-pc on pc |
2 | pc | lfs | lfs | build compiler cc-lfs using cc1 on pc |
3 | lfs | lfs | lfs | rebuild and test cc-lfs using itself on lfs |
In the above table, “on pc” means the commands are run on a machine using the already installed distribution. “On lfs” means the commands are run in a chrooted environment.
Now, there is more about cross-compiling: the C language is not just a compiler, but also defines a standard library. In this book, the GNU C library, named glibc, is used. This library must be compiled for the lfs machine, that is, using the cross compiler cc1. But the compiler itself uses an internal library implementing complex instructions not available in the assembler instruction set. This internal library is named libgcc, and must be linked to the glibc library to be fully functional! Furthermore, the standard library for C++ (libstdc++) also needs being linked to glibc. The solution to this chicken and egg problem is to first build a degraded cc1 based libgcc, lacking some functionalities such as threads and exception handling, then build glibc using this degraded compiler (glibc itself is not degraded), then build libstdc++. But this last library will lack the same functionalities as libgcc.
This is not the end of the story: the conclusion of the preceding paragraph is that cc1 is unable to build a fully functional libstdc++, but this is the only compiler available for building the C/C++ libraries during stage 2! Of course, the compiler built during stage 2, cc-lfs, would be able to build those libraries, but (1) the build system of GCC does not know that it is usable on pc, and (2) using it on pc would be at risk of linking to the pc libraries, since cc-lfs is a native compiler. So we have to build libstdc++ later, in chroot.
The cross-compiler will be installed in a separate
$LFS/tools
directory, since it
will not be part of the final system.
Binutils is installed first because the configure runs of both GCC and Glibc perform various feature tests on the assembler and linker to determine which software features to enable or disable. This is more important than one might first realize. An incorrectly configured GCC or Glibc can result in a subtly broken toolchain, where the impact of such breakage might not show up until near the end of the build of an entire distribution. A test suite failure will usually highlight this error before too much additional work is performed.
Binutils installs its assembler and linker in two locations,
$LFS/tools/bin
and $LFS/tools/$LFS_TGT/bin
. The tools in one
location are hard linked to the other. An important facet of
the linker is its library search order. Detailed information
can be obtained from ld by passing it the
--verbose
flag. For
example, $LFS_TGT-ld --verbose
| grep SEARCH will illustrate the current
search paths and their order. It shows which files are linked
by ld by
compiling a dummy program and passing the --verbose
switch to the linker.
For example, $LFS_TGT-gcc
dummy.c -Wl,--verbose 2>&1 | grep
succeeded will show all the files
successfully opened during the linking.
The next package installed is GCC. An example of what can be seen during its run of configure is:
checking what assembler to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/as
checking what linker to use... /mnt/lfs/tools/i686-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld
This is important for the reasons mentioned above. It also demonstrates that GCC's configure script does not search the PATH directories to find which tools to use. However, during the actual operation of gcc itself, the same search paths are not necessarily used. To find out which standard linker gcc will use, run: $LFS_TGT-gcc -print-prog-name=ld.
Detailed information can be obtained from gcc by passing it the
-v
command line
option while compiling a dummy program. For example,
gcc -v dummy.c
will show detailed information about the preprocessor,
compilation, and assembly stages, including gcc's included search paths
and their order.
Next installed are sanitized Linux API headers. These allow the standard C library (Glibc) to interface with features that the Linux kernel will provide.
The next package installed is Glibc. The most important
considerations for building Glibc are the compiler, binary
tools, and kernel headers. The compiler is generally not an
issue since Glibc will always use the compiler relating to
the --host
parameter
passed to its configure script; e.g. in our case, the
compiler will be $LFS_TGT-gcc. The binary
tools and kernel headers can be a bit more complicated.
Therefore, we take no risks and use the available configure
switches to enforce the correct selections. After the run of
configure,
check the contents of the config.make
file in the build
directory for all important details.
Note the use of CC="$LFS_TGT-gcc"
(with
$LFS_TGT
expanded) to control
which binary tools are used and the use of the -nostdinc
and -isystem
flags to control the
compiler's include search path. These items highlight an
important aspect of the Glibc package—it is very
self-sufficient in terms of its build machinery and generally
does not rely on toolchain defaults.
As said above, the standard C++ library is compiled next,
followed in Chapter 6
by all the programs that need themselves to be built. The
install step of all those packages uses the DESTDIR
variable to have the programs land
into the LFS filesystem.
At the end of Chapter 6
the native lfs compiler is installed. First binutils-pass2 is
built, with the same DESTDIR
install as the other programs, then the second pass of GCC is
constructed, omitting libstdc++ and other non-important
libraries. Due to some weird logic in GCC's configure script,
CC_FOR_TARGET
ends up as
cc when the
host is the same as the target, but is different from the
build system. This is why CC_FOR_TARGET=$LFS_TGT-gcc
is
put explicitly into the configure options.
Upon entering the chroot environment in Chapter 7, the first task is to install libstdc++. Then temporary installations of programs needed for the proper operation of the toolchain are performed. From this point onwards, the core toolchain is self-contained and self-hosted. In Chapter 8, final versions of all the packages needed for a fully functional system are built, tested and installed.
When building packages there are several assumptions made within the instructions:
Several of the packages are patched before compilation, but only when the patch is needed to circumvent a problem. A patch is often needed in both this and the following chapters, but sometimes in only one location. Therefore, do not be concerned if instructions for a downloaded patch seem to be missing. Warning messages about offset or fuzz may also be encountered when applying a patch. Do not worry about these warnings, as the patch was still successfully applied.
During the compilation of most packages, there will be several warnings that scroll by on the screen. These are normal and can safely be ignored. These warnings are as they appear—warnings about deprecated, but not invalid, use of the C or C++ syntax. C standards change fairly often, and some packages still use the older standard. This is not a problem, but does prompt the warning.
Check one last time that the LFS
environment variable is set up
properly:
echo $LFS
Make sure the output shows the path to the LFS
partition's mount point, which is /mnt/lfs
, using our example.
Finally, two important items must be emphasized:
The build instructions assume that the Host System Requirements, including symbolic links, have been set properly:
bash is the shell in use.
sh is a symbolic link to bash.
/usr/bin/awk is a symbolic link to gawk.
/usr/bin/yacc is a symbolic link to bison or a small script that executes bison.
To re-emphasize the build process:
Place all the sources and patches in a directory
that will be accessible from the chroot
environment such as /mnt/lfs/sources/
.
Change to the sources directory.
Using the tar program, extract the package to be built. In Chapter 5 and Chapter 6, ensure you are the lfs user when extracting the package.
All methods to get the source code tree being built in-position, except extracting the package tarball, are not supported. Notably, using cp -R to copy the source code tree somewhere else can destroy links and timestamps in the sources tree and cause building failure.
Change to the directory created when the package was extracted.
Follow the book's instructions for building the package.
Change back to the sources directory.
Delete the extracted source directory unless instructed otherwise.
This chapter shows how to build a cross-compiler and its associated tools. Although here cross-compilation is faked, the principles are the same as for a real cross-toolchain.
The programs compiled in this chapter will be installed under
the $LFS/tools
directory to keep
them separate from the files installed in the following
chapters. The libraries, on the other hand, are installed into
their final place, since they pertain to the system we want to
build.
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files.
Go back and re-read the notes in the section titled General Compilation Instructions. Understanding the notes labeled important can save you a lot of problems later.
It is important that Binutils be the first package compiled because both Glibc and GCC perform various tests on the available linker and assembler to determine which of their own features to enable.
The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
In order for the SBU values listed in the rest of the book
to be of any use, measure the time it takes to build this
package from the configuration, up to and including the
first install. To achieve this easily, wrap the commands in
a time
command like this: time {
../configure ... && make && make install;
}
.
Now prepare Binutils for compilation:
../configure --prefix=$LFS/tools \ --with-sysroot=$LFS \ --target=$LFS_TGT \ --disable-nls \ --disable-werror
The meaning of the configure options:
--prefix=$LFS/tools
This tells the configure script to prepare to install
the binutils programs in the $LFS/tools
directory.
--with-sysroot=$LFS
For cross compilation, this tells the build system to look in $LFS for the target system libraries as needed.
--target=$LFS_TGT
Because the machine description in the LFS_TGT
variable is slightly different
than the value returned by the config.guess script,
this switch will tell the configure script to
adjust binutil's build system for building a cross
linker.
--disable-nls
This disables internationalization as i18n is not needed for the temporary tools.
--disable-werror
This prevents the build from stopping in the event that there are warnings from the host's compiler.
Continue with compiling the package:
make
Install the package:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.18.2, “Contents of Binutils.”
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
GCC requires the GMP, MPFR and MPC packages. As these packages may not be included in your host distribution, they will be built with GCC. Unpack each package into the GCC source directory and rename the resulting directories so the GCC build procedures will automatically use them:
There are frequent misunderstandings about this chapter. The procedures are the same as every other chapter as explained earlier (Package build instructions). First extract the gcc tarball from the sources directory and then change to the directory created. Only then should you proceed with the instructions below.
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.1.0.tar.xz mv -v mpfr-4.1.0 mpfr tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.1.tar.xz mv -v gmp-6.2.1 gmp tar -xf ../mpc-1.2.1.tar.gz mv -v mpc-1.2.1 mpc
On x86_64 hosts, set the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to “lib”:
case $(uname -m) in x86_64) sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \ -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64 ;; esac
The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare GCC for compilation:
../configure \ --target=$LFS_TGT \ --prefix=$LFS/tools \ --with-glibc-version=2.35 \ --with-sysroot=$LFS \ --with-newlib \ --without-headers \ --enable-initfini-array \ --disable-nls \ --disable-shared \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-decimal-float \ --disable-threads \ --disable-libatomic \ --disable-libgomp \ --disable-libquadmath \ --disable-libssp \ --disable-libvtv \ --disable-libstdcxx \ --enable-languages=c,c++
The meaning of the configure options:
--with-glibc-version=2.35
This option specifies the version of glibc which will be used on the target. It is not relevant to the libc of the host distro because everything compiled by pass1 gcc will run in the chroot environment, which is isolated from libc of the host distro.
--with-newlib
Since a working C library is not yet available, this ensures that the inhibit_libc constant is defined when building libgcc. This prevents the compiling of any code that requires libc support.
--without-headers
When creating a complete cross-compiler, GCC requires standard headers compatible with the target system. For our purposes these headers will not be needed. This switch prevents GCC from looking for them.
--enable-initfini-array
This switch forces the use of some internal data structures that are needed but cannot be detected when building a cross compiler.
--disable-shared
This switch forces GCC to link its internal libraries statically. We need this because the shared libraries require glibc, which is not yet installed on the target system.
--disable-multilib
On x86_64, LFS does not support a multilib configuration. This switch is harmless for x86.
--disable-decimal-float,
--disable-threads, --disable-libatomic,
--disable-libgomp, --disable-libquadmath,
--disable-libssp, --disable-libvtv,
--disable-libstdcxx
These switches disable support for the decimal floating point extension, threading, libatomic, libgomp, libquadmath, libssp, libvtv, and the C++ standard library respectively. These features will fail to compile when building a cross-compiler and are not necessary for the task of cross-compiling the temporary libc.
--enable-languages=c,c++
This option ensures that only the C and C++ compilers are built. These are the only languages needed now.
Compile GCC by running:
make
Install the package:
make install
This build of GCC has installed a couple of internal system
headers. Normally one of them, limits.h
, would in turn include the
corresponding system limits.h
header, in this case, $LFS/usr/include/limits.h
. However, at the
time of this build of GCC $LFS/usr/include/limits.h
does not exist,
so the internal header that has just been installed is a
partial, self-contained file and does not include the
extended features of the system header. This is adequate for
building glibc, but the full internal header will be needed
later. Create a full version of the internal header using a
command that is identical to what the GCC build system does
in normal circumstances:
cd .. cat gcc/limitx.h gcc/glimits.h gcc/limity.h > \ `dirname $($LFS_TGT-gcc -print-libgcc-file-name)`/install-tools/include/limits.h
Details on this package are located in Section 8.26.2, “Contents of GCC.”
The Linux API Headers (in linux-5.16.9.tar.xz) expose the kernel's API for use by Glibc.
The Linux kernel needs to expose an Application Programming Interface (API) for the system's C library (Glibc in LFS) to use. This is done by way of sanitizing various C header files that are shipped in the Linux kernel source tarball.
Make sure there are no stale files embedded in the package:
make mrproper
Now extract the user-visible kernel headers from the source.
The recommended make target “headers_install” cannot be used,
because it requires rsync,
which may not be available. The headers are first placed in
./usr
, then copied to the
needed location.
make headers find usr/include -name '.*' -delete rm usr/include/Makefile cp -rv usr/include $LFS/usr
The Linux API ASM Headers |
|
The Linux API ASM Generic Headers |
|
The Linux API DRM Headers |
|
The Linux API Linux Headers |
|
The Linux API Miscellaneous Headers |
|
The Linux API MTD Headers |
|
The Linux API RDMA Headers |
|
The Linux API SCSI Headers |
|
The Linux API Sound Headers |
|
The Linux API Video Headers |
|
The Linux API Xen Headers |
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on.
First, create a symbolic link for LSB compliance. Additionally, for x86_64, create a compatibility symbolic link required for proper operation of the dynamic library loader:
case $(uname -m) in i?86) ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 $LFS/lib/ld-lsb.so.3 ;; x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64 ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3 ;; esac
The above command is correct. The ln command has a few
syntactic versions, so be sure to check info coreutils ln and
ln(1)
before reporting what
you may think is an error.
Some of the Glibc programs use the non-FHS compliant
/var/db
directory to store
their runtime data. Apply the following patch to make such
programs store their runtime data in the FHS-compliant
locations:
patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.35-fhs-1.patch
The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
Ensure that the ldconfig and sln utilites are installed
into /usr/sbin
:
echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms
Next, prepare Glibc for compilation:
../configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \ --enable-kernel=3.2 \ --with-headers=$LFS/usr/include \ libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib
The meaning of the configure options:
--host=$LFS_TGT,
--build=$(../scripts/config.guess)
The combined effect of these switches is that Glibc's
build system configures itself to be cross-compiled,
using the cross-linker and cross-compiler in
$LFS/tools
.
--enable-kernel=3.2
This tells Glibc to compile the library with support for 3.2 and later Linux kernels. Workarounds for older kernels are not enabled.
--with-headers=$LFS/usr/include
This tells Glibc to compile itself against the headers recently installed to the $LFS/usr/include directory, so that it knows exactly what features the kernel has and can optimize itself accordingly.
libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib
This ensures that the library is installed in /usr/lib instead of the default /lib64 on 64 bit machines.
During this stage the following warning might appear:
configure: WARNING: *** These auxiliary programs are missing or *** incompatible versions: msgfmt *** some features will be disabled. *** Check the INSTALL file for required versions.
The missing or incompatible msgfmt program is generally harmless. This msgfmt program is part of the Gettext package which the host distribution should provide.
There have been reports that this package may fail when building as a "parallel make". If this occurs, rerun the make command with a "-j1" option.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
If LFS
is not properly set, and
despite the recommendations, you are building as
root
, the next command will
install the newly built glibc to your host system, which
most likely will render it unusable. So double check that
the environment is correctly set, before running the
following command.
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
The meaning of the make install option:
DESTDIR=$LFS
The DESTDIR
make variable is
used by almost all packages to define the location
where the package should be installed. If it is not
set, it defaults to the root (/
) directory. Here we specify that
the package be installed in $LFS
, which will become the root
after Section 7.4,
“Entering the Chroot Environment”.
Fix hardcoded path to the executable loader in ldd script:
sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i $LFS/usr/bin/ldd
At this point, it is imperative to stop and ensure that the basic functions (compiling and linking) of the new toolchain are working as expected. To perform a sanity check, run the following commands:
echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c $LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c readelf -l a.out | grep '/ld-linux'
If everything is working correctly, there should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be of the form:
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
Note that for 32-bit machines, the interpreter name will be
/lib/ld-linux.so.2
.
If the output is not shown as above or there was no output at all, then something is wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. This issue must be resolved before continuing on.
Once all is well, clean up the test files:
rm -v dummy.c a.out
Building packages in the next chapter will serve as an additional check that the toolchain has been built properly. If some package, especially binutils-pass2 or gcc-pass2, fails to build, it is an indication that something has gone wrong with the previous Binutils, GCC, or Glibc installations.
Now that our cross-toolchain is complete, finalize the installation of the limits.h header. For doing so, run a utility provided by the GCC developers:
$LFS/tools/libexec/gcc/$LFS_TGT/11.2.0/install-tools/mkheaders
Details on this package are located in Section 8.5.3, “Contents of Glibc.”
Libstdc++ is the standard C++ library. It is needed to compile C++ code (part of GCC is written in C++), but we had to defer its installation when we built gcc-pass1 because it depends on glibc, which was not yet available in the target directory.
Libstdc++ is part of the
GCC sources. You should first unpack the GCC tarball and
change to the gcc-11.2.0
directory.
Create a separate build directory for libstdc++ and enter it:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare libstdc++ for compilation:
../libstdc++-v3/configure \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(../config.guess) \ --prefix=/usr \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-nls \ --disable-libstdcxx-pch \ --with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/11.2.0
The meaning of the configure options:
--host=...
Specifies that the cross compiler we have just built
should be used instead of the one in /usr/bin
.
--disable-libstdcxx-pch
This switch prevents the installation of precompiled include files, which are not needed at this stage.
--with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/11.2.0
This specifies the installation directory for include
files. Because libstdc++ is the standard C++ library
for LFS, this directory should match the location where
the C++ compiler ($LFS_TGT-g++) would
search for the standard C++ include files. In a normal
build, this information is automatically passed to the
libstdc++ configure options
from the top level directory. In our case, this
information must be explicitly given. The C++ compiler
will prepend the sysroot path $LFS
(specified building GCC pass 1)
to the include file search path, so it will actually
search in $LFS/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/11.2.0
.
The combination of the DESTDIR
variable (in the
make
install command below) and this switch
ensures to install the headers there.
Compile libstdc++ by running:
make
Install the library:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.26.2, “Contents of GCC.”
This chapter shows how to cross-compile basic utilities using the just built cross-toolchain. Those utilities are installed into their final location, but cannot be used yet. Basic tasks still rely on the host's tools. Nevertheless, the installed libraries are used when linking.
Using the utilities will be possible in next chapter after entering the “chroot” environment. But all the packages built in the present chapter need to be built before we do that. Therefore we cannot be independent of the host system yet.
Once again, let us recall that improper setting of LFS
together with building as root
, may render your computer unusable.
This whole chapter must be done as user lfs
, with the environment as described in
Section 4.4,
“Setting Up the Environment”.
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
Prepare M4 for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.12.2, “Contents of M4.”
The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens.
First, ensure that gawk is found first during configuration:
sed -i s/mawk// configure
Then, run the following commands to build the “tic” program on the build host:
mkdir build pushd build ../configure make -C include make -C progs tic popd
Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(./config.guess) \ --mandir=/usr/share/man \ --with-manpage-format=normal \ --with-shared \ --without-debug \ --without-ada \ --without-normal \ --disable-stripping \ --enable-widec
The meaning of the new configure options:
--with-manpage-format=normal
This prevents Ncurses installing compressed manual pages, which may happen if the host distribution itself has compressed manual pages.
--without-ada
This ensures that Ncurses does not build support for the Ada compiler which may be present on the host but will not be available once we enter the chroot environment.
--disable-stripping
This switch prevents the building system from stripping the programs using strip program from the host. Using host tools on cross-compiled program can cause failure.
--enable-widec
This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g.,
libncursesw.so.6.3
) to be
built instead of normal ones (e.g., libncurses.so.6.3
). These
wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte
and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries
work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and
normal libraries are source-compatible, but not
binary-compatible.
--without-normal
This switch disables building and installing most static libraries.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic install echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" > $LFS/usr/lib/libncurses.so
The meaning of the install options:
TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic
We need to pass the path of the just built tic able to run on the building machine, so that the terminal database can be created without errors.
The libncurses.so
library
is needed by a few packages we will build soon. We
create this small linker script, as this is what is
done in
Chapter 8.
Details on this package are located in Section 8.28.2, “Contents of Ncurses.”
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
Prepare Bash for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --build=$(support/config.guess) \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --without-bash-malloc
The meaning of the configure options:
--without-bash-malloc
This option turns off the use of Bash's memory
allocation (malloc
)
function which is known to cause segmentation faults.
By turning this option off, Bash will use the
malloc
functions from
Glibc which are more stable.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Make a link for the programs that use sh for a shell:
ln -sv bash $LFS/bin/sh
Details on this package are located in Section 8.34.2, “Contents of Bash.”
The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristics.
Prepare Coreutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \ --enable-install-program=hostname \ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
The meaning of the configure options:
--enable-install-program=hostname
This enables the hostname binary to be built and installed – it is disabled by default but is required by the Perl test suite.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Move programs to their final expected locations. Although this is not necessary in this temporary environment, we must do so because some programs harcode executable locations:
mv -v $LFS/usr/bin/chroot $LFS/usr/sbin mkdir -pv $LFS/usr/share/man/man8 mv -v $LFS/usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8 sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/' $LFS/usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
Details on this package are located in Section 8.53.2, “Contents of Coreutils.”
The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories.
Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.55.2, “Contents of Diffutils.”
The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.
The file command on the build host needs to be same version as the one we are building in order to create the signature file. Run the following commands to build it:
mkdir build pushd build ../configure --disable-bzlib \ --disable-libseccomp \ --disable-xzlib \ --disable-zlib make popd
The meaning of the new configure option:
--disable-*
The configuration script attempts to use some packages from the host distribution if the corresponding library files exist. It may cause compilation failure if a library file exists, but the corresponding header files do not. These options prevent using these unneeded capabilities from the host.
Prepare File for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT --build=$(./config.guess)
Compile the package:
make FILE_COMPILE=$(pwd)/build/src/file
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.10.2, “Contents of File.”
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursively search through a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but is unreliable if the database has not been recently updated).
Prepare Findutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.57.2, “Contents of Findutils.”
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.
First, ensure some unneeded files are not installed:
sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in
Prepare Gawk for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.56.2, “Contents of Gawk.”
The Grep package contains programs for searching through the contents of files.
Prepare Grep for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.33.2, “Contents of Grep.”
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.
Prepare Gzip for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --host=$LFS_TGT
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.60.2, “Contents of Gzip.”
The Make package contains a program for controlling the generation of executables and other non-source files of a package from source files.
Prepare Make for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --without-guile \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
The meaning of the new configure option:
--without-guile
Although we are cross-compiling, configure tries to use guile from the build host if it finds it. This makes compilation fail, so this switch prevents using it.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.64.2, “Contents of Make.”
The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a “patch” file typically created by the diff program.
Prepare Patch for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.65.2, “Contents of Patch.”
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
Prepare Sed for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.29.2, “Contents of Sed.”
The Tar package provides the ability to create tar archives as well as perform various other kinds of archive manipulation. Tar can be used on previously created archives to extract files, to store additional files, or to update or list files which were already stored.
Prepare Tar for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.66.2, “Contents of Tar.”
The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files with xz yields a better compression percentage than with the traditional gzip or bzip2 commands.
Prepare Xz for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --build=$(build-aux/config.guess) \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.5
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.8.2, “Contents of Xz.”
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files.
Binutils ships an outdated libtool copy in the tarball. It lacks sysroot support so the produced binaries will be mistakenly linked to libraries from the host distro. Workaround this issue:
sed '6009s/$add_dir//' -i ltmain.sh
Create a separate build directory again:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare Binutils for compilation:
../configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --build=$(../config.guess) \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --disable-nls \ --enable-shared \ --disable-werror \ --enable-64-bit-bfd
The meaning of the new configure options:
--enable-shared
Builds libbfd
as a shared
library.
--enable-64-bit-bfd
Enables 64-bit support (on hosts with narrower word sizes). May not be needed on 64-bit systems, but does no harm.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.18.2, “Contents of Binutils.”
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
As in the first build of GCC, the GMP, MPFR, and MPC packages are required. Unpack the tarballs and move them into the required directory names:
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.1.0.tar.xz mv -v mpfr-4.1.0 mpfr tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.1.tar.xz mv -v gmp-6.2.1 gmp tar -xf ../mpc-1.2.1.tar.gz mv -v mpc-1.2.1 mpc
If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to “lib”:
case $(uname -m) in x86_64) sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64 ;; esac
Create a separate build directory again:
mkdir -v build cd build
Create a symlink that allows libgcc to be built with posix threads support:
mkdir -pv $LFS_TGT/libgcc ln -s ../../../libgcc/gthr-posix.h $LFS_TGT/libgcc/gthr-default.h
Before starting to build GCC, remember to unset any environment variables that override the default optimization flags.
Now prepare GCC for compilation:
../configure \ --build=$(../config.guess) \ --host=$LFS_TGT \ --prefix=/usr \ CC_FOR_TARGET=$LFS_TGT-gcc \ --with-build-sysroot=$LFS \ --enable-initfini-array \ --disable-nls \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-decimal-float \ --disable-libatomic \ --disable-libgomp \ --disable-libquadmath \ --disable-libssp \ --disable-libvtv \ --disable-libstdcxx \ --enable-languages=c,c++
The meaning of the new configure options:
-with-build-sysroot=$LFS
Normally, using --host
ensures that a
cross-compiler is used for building GCC, and that
compiler knows that it has to look for headers and
libraries in $LFS
. But
the build system of GCC uses other tools, which are not
aware of this location. This switch is needed to have
them find the needed files in $LFS
, and not on the host.
--enable-initfini-array
This option is automatically enabled when building a native compiler with a native compiler on x86. But here, we build with a cross compiler, so we need to explicitly set this option.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make DESTDIR=$LFS install
As a finishing touch, create a utility symlink. Many programs and scripts run cc instead of gcc, which is used to keep programs generic and therefore usable on all kinds of UNIX systems where the GNU C compiler is not always installed. Running cc leaves the system administrator free to decide which C compiler to install:
ln -sv gcc $LFS/usr/bin/cc
Details on this package are located in Section 8.26.2, “Contents of GCC.”
This chapter shows how to build the last missing bits of the temporary system: the tools needed by the build machinery of various packages. Now that all circular dependencies have been resolved, a “chroot” environment, completely isolated from the host operating system (except for the running kernel), can be used for the build.
For proper operation of the isolated environment, some communication with the running kernel must be established. This is done through the so-called Virtual Kernel File Systems, which must be mounted when entering the chroot environment. You may want to check that they are mounted by issuing findmnt.
Until Section 7.4,
“Entering the Chroot Environment”, the commands
must be run as root
, with the
LFS
variable set. After entering
chroot, all commands are run as root, fortunately without
access to the OS of the computer you built LFS on. Be careful
anyway, as it is easy to destroy the whole LFS system with
badly formed commands.
The commands in the remainder of this book must be performed
while logged in as user root
and no longer as user lfs
.
Also, double check that $LFS
is
set in root
's environment.
Currently, the whole directory hierarchy in $LFS
is owned by the user lfs
, a user that exists only on the host
system. If the directories and files under $LFS
are kept as they are, they will be owned
by a user ID without a corresponding account. This is dangerous
because a user account created later could get this same user
ID and would own all the files under $LFS
, thus exposing these files to possible
malicious manipulation.
To address this issue, change the ownership of the $LFS/*
directories to user root
by running the following command:
chown -R root:root $LFS/{usr,lib,var,etc,bin,sbin,tools} case $(uname -m) in x86_64) chown -R root:root $LFS/lib64 ;; esac
Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to and from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in memory.
Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be mounted:
mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys,run}
When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of
a few device nodes, in particular the console
and null
devices. The device nodes must be
created on the hard disk so that they are available before
the kernel populates /dev
),
and additionally when Linux is started with init=/bin/bash
. Create the
devices by running the following commands:
mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1 mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3
The recommended method of populating the /dev
directory with devices is to mount a
virtual filesystem (such as tmpfs
) on the /dev
directory, and allow the devices to be
created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are
detected or accessed. Device creation is generally done
during the boot process by Udev. Since this new system does
not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is
necessary to mount and populate /dev
manually. This is accomplished by bind
mounting the host system's /dev
directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that
allows you to create a mirror of a directory or mount point
to some other location. Use the following command to achieve
this:
mount -v --bind /dev $LFS/dev
Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:
mount -v --bind /dev/pts $LFS/dev/pts mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/run
In some host systems, /dev/shm
is a symbolic link to /run/shm
.
The /run tmpfs was mounted above so in this case only a
directory needs to be created.
if [ -h $LFS/dev/shm ]; then mkdir -pv $LFS/$(readlink $LFS/dev/shm) fi
Now that all the packages which are required to build the rest
of the needed tools are on the system, it is time to enter the
chroot environment to finish installing the remaining temporary
tools. This environment will be in use also for installing the
final system. As user root
, run
the following command to enter the environment that is, at the
moment, populated with only the temporary tools:
chroot "$LFS" /usr/bin/env -i \ HOME=/root \ TERM="$TERM" \ PS1='(lfs chroot) \u:\w\$ ' \ PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin \ /bin/bash --login
The -i
option given to
the env command
will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that,
only the HOME
, TERM
, PS1
, and
PATH
variables are set again. The
TERM=$TERM
construct
will set the TERM
variable inside
chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is
needed for programs like vim and less to operate properly. If
other variables are desired, such as CFLAGS
or CXXFLAGS
,
this is a good place to set them again.
From this point on, there is no need to use the LFS
variable anymore because all work will be
restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash
shell is told that $LFS
is now
the root (/
) directory.
Notice that /tools/bin
is not in
the PATH
. This means that the cross
toolchain will no longer be used in the chroot environment.
Note that the bash prompt will say
I have no name!
This is
normal because the /etc/passwd
file has not been created yet.
It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot environment. If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example), ensure that the virtual kernel filesystems are mounted as explained in Section 7.3.2, “Mounting and Populating /dev” and Section 7.3.3, “Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems” and enter chroot again before continuing with the installation.
It is time to create the full structure in the LFS file system.
Create some root-level directories that are not in the limited set required in the previous chapters by issuing the following command:
Some of the directories below have already been created earlier with explicit instructions or when installing some packages. They are repeated below for completeness.
mkdir -pv /{boot,home,mnt,opt,srv}
Create the required set of subdirectories below the root-level by issuing the following commands:
mkdir -pv /etc/{opt,sysconfig} mkdir -pv /lib/firmware mkdir -pv /media/{floppy,cdrom} mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}{include,src} mkdir -pv /usr/local/{bin,lib,sbin} mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{color,dict,doc,info,locale,man} mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo} mkdir -pv /usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8} mkdir -pv /var/{cache,local,log,mail,opt,spool} mkdir -pv /var/lib/{color,misc,locate} ln -sfv /run /var/run ln -sfv /run/lock /var/lock install -dv -m 0750 /root install -dv -m 1777 /tmp /var/tmp
Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755,
but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands
above, two changes are made—one to the home directory of
user root
, and another to the
directories for temporary files.
The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
the /root
directory—the
same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory.
The second mode change makes sure that any user can write to
the /tmp
and /var/tmp
directories, but cannot remove
another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the
so-called “sticky
bit,” the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit
mask.
The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy
Standard (FHS) (available at https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/fhs.shtml).
The FHS also specifies the optional existence of some
directories such as /usr/local/games
and /usr/share/games
. We create only the
directories that are needed. However, feel free to create
these directories.
Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file
systems in the file /etc/mtab
.
Modern kernels maintain this list internally and exposes it to
the user via the /proc
filesystem. To satisfy utilities that expect the presence of
/etc/mtab
, create the following
symbolic link:
ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab
Create a basic /etc/hosts
file to
be referenced in some test suites, and in one of Perl's
configuration files as well:
cat > /etc/hosts << EOF 127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname) ::1 localhost EOF
In order for user root
to be
able to login and for the name “root” to
be recognized, there must be relevant entries in the
/etc/passwd
and /etc/group
files.
Create the /etc/passwd
file by
running the following command:
cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
EOF
The actual password for root
will be set later.
Create the /etc/group
file by
running the following command:
cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:daemon
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tape:x:4:
tty:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
adm:x:16:
messagebus:x:18:
input:x:24:
mail:x:34:
kvm:x:61:
uuidd:x:80:
wheel:x:97:
nogroup:x:99:
users:x:999:
EOF
The created groups are not part of any standard—they are
groups decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev
configuration in Chapter 9, and in part by common convention
employed by a number of existing Linux distributions. In
addition, some test suites rely on specific users or groups.
The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml)
only recommends that, besides the group root
with a Group ID (GID) of 0, a group
bin
with a GID of 1 be present.
All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the
system administrator since well-written programs do not depend
on GID numbers, but rather use the group's name.
Some tests in Chapter 8 need a regular user. We add this user here and delete this account at the end of that chapter.
echo "tester:x:101:101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd echo "tester:x:101:" >> /etc/group install -o tester -d /home/tester
To remove the “I
have no name!” prompt, start a new shell.
Since the /etc/passwd
and
/etc/group
files have been
created, user name and group name resolution will now work:
exec /usr/bin/bash --login
The login, agetty, and init programs (and others) use a number of log files to record information such as who was logged into the system and when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them proper permissions:
touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp} chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp
The /var/log/wtmp
file records
all logins and logouts. The /var/log/lastlog
file records when each user
last logged in. The /var/log/faillog
file records failed login
attempts. The /var/log/btmp
file
records the bad login attempts.
The /run/utmp
file records the
users that are currently logged in. This file is created
dynamically in the boot scripts.
When building gcc-pass2 we had to defer the installation of the C++ standard library because no suitable compiler was available to compile it. We could not use the compiler built in that section because it is a native compiler and should not be used outside of chroot and risks polluting the libraries with some host components.
Libstdc++ is part of the
GCC sources. You should first unpack the GCC tarball and
change to the gcc-11.2.0
directory.
Create a link which exists when building libstdc++ in the gcc tree:
ln -s gthr-posix.h libgcc/gthr-default.h
Create a separate build directory for libstdc++ and enter it:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare libstdc++ for compilation:
../libstdc++-v3/configure \ CXXFLAGS="-g -O2 -D_GNU_SOURCE" \ --prefix=/usr \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-nls \ --host=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu \ --disable-libstdcxx-pch
The meaning of the configure options:
CXXFLAGS="-g -O2
-D_GNU_SOURCE"
These flags are passed by the top level Makefile when doing a full build of GCC.
--host=$(uname
-m)-lfs-linux-gnu
We have to mimic what would happen if this package were built as part of a full compiler build. This switch would be passed to configure by GCC's build machinery.
--disable-libstdcxx-pch
This switch prevents the installation of precompiled include files, which are not needed at this stage.
Compile libstdc++ by running:
make
Install the library:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.26.2, “Contents of GCC.”
The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow programs to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling them to output messages in the user's native language.
For our temporary set of tools, we only need to install three programs from Gettext.
Prepare Gettext for compilation:
./configure --disable-shared
The meaning of the configure option:
--disable-shared
We do not need to install any of the shared Gettext libraries at this time, therefore there is no need to build them.
Compile the package:
make
Install the msgfmt, msgmerge, and xgettext programs:
cp -v gettext-tools/src/{msgfmt,msgmerge,xgettext} /usr/bin
Details on this package are located in Section 8.31.2, “Contents of Gettext.”
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
Prepare Bison for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2
The meaning of the new configure option:
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2
This tells the build system to install bison documentation into a versioned directory.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.32.2, “Contents of Bison.”
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.
Prepare Perl for compilation:
sh Configure -des \ -Dprefix=/usr \ -Dvendorprefix=/usr \ -Dprivlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/core_perl \ -Darchlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/core_perl \ -Dsitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/site_perl \ -Dsitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/site_perl \ -Dvendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/vendor_perl \ -Dvendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/vendor_perl
The meaning of the new Configure options:
-des
This is a combination of three options: -d uses defaults for all items; -e ensures completion of all tasks; -s silences non-essential output.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.41.2, “Contents of Perl.”
The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs, or developing entire applications.
There are two package files whose name starts with
“python”. The one to extract
from is Python-3.10.2.tar.xz
(notice the uppercase first letter).
Prepare Python for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-shared \ --without-ensurepip
The meaning of the configure option:
--enable-shared
This switch prevents installation of static libraries.
--without-ensurepip
This switch disables the Python package installer, which is not needed at this stage.
Compile the package:
make
Some Python 3 modules can't be built now because the dependencies are not installed yet. The building system still attempts to build them however, so the compilation of some files will fail and the compiler message may seem to indicate “fatal error”. The message should be ignored. Just make sure the toplevel make command has not failed. The optional modules are not needed now and they will be built in Chapter 8.
Install the package:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.50.2, “Contents of Python 3.”
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.
First, fix an issue building the package with Glibc-2.34 or later:
sed -e 's/__attribute_nonnull__/__nonnull/' \ -i gnulib/lib/malloc/dynarray-skeleton.c
Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.67.2, “Contents of Texinfo.”
The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs.
The FHS recommends using the /var/lib/hwclock
directory instead of the
usual /etc
directory as the
location for the adjtime
file.
Create this directory with:
mkdir -pv /var/lib/hwclock
Prepare Util-linux for compilation:
./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \ --libdir=/usr/lib \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.37.4 \ --disable-chfn-chsh \ --disable-login \ --disable-nologin \ --disable-su \ --disable-setpriv \ --disable-runuser \ --disable-pylibmount \ --disable-static \ --without-python \ runstatedir=/run
The meaning of the configure options:
ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime
This sets the location of the file recording information about the hardware clock in accordance to the FHS. This is not stricly needed for this temporary tool, but it prevents creating a file at another location, which would not be overwritten or removed when building the final util-linux package.
--libdir=/usr/lib
This switch ensures the .so
symlinks targeting the shared
library file in the same directory (/usr/lib
) directly.
--disable-*
These switches prevent warnings about building components that require packages not in LFS or not installed yet.
--without-python
This switch disables using Python. It avoids trying to build unneeded bindings.
runstatedir=/run
This switch sets the location of the socket used by
uuidd and
libuuid
correctly.
Compile the package:
make
Install the package:
make install
Details on this package are located in Section 8.72.2, “Contents of Util-linux.”
First, remove the currently installed documentation to prevent them from ending up in the final system, and to save about 35 MB:
rm -rf /usr/share/{info,man,doc}/*
Second, the libtool .la files are only useful when linking with static libraries. They are unneeded and potentially harmful when using dynamic shared libraries, especially when using non-autotools build systems. While still in chroot, remove those files now:
find /usr/{lib,libexec} -name \*.la -delete
The current system size is now about 3 GB, however the /tools directory is no longer needed. It uses about 1 GB of disk space. Delete it now:
rm -rf /tools
At this point the essential programs and libraries have been created and your current LFS system is in a good state. Your system can now be backed up for later reuse. In case of fatal failures in the subsequent chapters, it often turns out that removing everything and starting over (more carefully) is the best option to recover. Unfortunately, all the temporary files will be removed, too. To avoid spending extra time to redo something which has been built successfully, creating a backup of the current LFS system may prove useful.
All the remaining steps in this section are optional. Nevertheless, as soon as you begin installing packages in Chapter 8, the temporary files will be overwritten. So it may be a good idea to do a backup of the current system as described below.
The following steps are performed from outside the chroot
environment. That means, you have to leave the chroot
environment first before continuing. The reason for that is
to get access to file system locations outside of the chroot
environment to store/read the backup archive which should not
be placed within the $LFS
hierarchy for safety reasons.
If you have decided to make a backup, leave the chroot environment:
exit
All of the following instructions are executed by
root
on your host system.
Take extra care about the commands you're going to run as
mistakes here can modify your host system. Be aware that
the environment variable LFS
is
set for user lfs
by default
but may not be set
for root
.
Whenever commands are to be executed by root
, make sure you have set
LFS
.
This has been discussed in Section 2.6, “Setting The $LFS Variable”.
Before making a backup, unmount the virtual file systems:
umount $LFS/dev/pts umount $LFS/{sys,proc,run,dev}
Make sure you have at least 1 GB free disk space (the source tarballs will be included in the backup archive) on the filesystem containing directory where you create the backup archive.
Note that the instructions below specify the home directory
of the host system's root
user, which is typically found on the root filesystem.
Replace $HOME
by a directory of
your choice if you do not want to have the backup stored in
root
's home directory.
Create the backup archive by running the following command:
Because the backup archive is compressed, it takes a relatively long time (over 10 minutes) even on a resonably fast system.
cd $LFS tar -cJpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-11.1.tar.xz .
If continuing to chapter 8, don't forget to reenter the chroot environment as explained in the “Important” box below.
In case some mistakes have been made and you need to start
over, you can use this backup to restore the system and save
some recovery time. Since the sources are located under
$LFS
, they are included in the
backup archive as well, so they do not need to be downloaded
again. After checking that $LFS
is
set properly, restore the backup by executing the following
commands:
The following commands are extremely dangerous. If you run
rm -rf ./* as
the root user and you do not change to the $LFS directory
or the LFS
environment variable
is not set for the root user, it will destroy your entire
host system. YOU ARE WARNED.
cd $LFS
rm -rf ./*
tar -xpf $HOME/lfs-temp-tools-11.1.tar.xz
Again, double check that the environment has been setup properly and continue building the rest of the system.
If you left the chroot environment to create a backup or restart building using a restore, remember to check that the virtual filesystems are still mounted (findmnt | grep $LFS). If they are not mounted, remount them now as described in Section 7.3, “Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems” and re-enter the chroot environment (see Section 7.4, “Entering the Chroot Environment”) before continuing.
In this chapter, we start constructing the LFS system in earnest.
The installation of this software is straightforward. Although in many cases the installation instructions could be made shorter and more generic, we have opted to provide the full instructions for every package to minimize the possibilities for mistakes. The key to learning what makes a Linux system work is to know what each package is used for and why you (or the system) may need it.
We do not recommend using optimizations. They can make a
program run slightly faster, but they may also cause
compilation difficulties and problems when running the program.
If a package refuses to compile when using optimization, try to
compile it without optimization and see if that fixes the
problem. Even if the package does compile when using
optimization, there is the risk it may have been compiled
incorrectly because of the complex interactions between the
code and build tools. Also note that the -march
and -mtune
options using values not specified in the book have not been
tested. This may cause problems with the toolchain packages
(Binutils, GCC and Glibc). The small potential gains achieved
in using compiler optimizations are often outweighed by the
risks. First-time builders of LFS are encouraged to build
without custom optimizations. The subsequent system will still
run very fast and be stable at the same time.
Before the installation instructions, each installation page provides information about the package, including a concise description of what it contains, approximately how long it will take to build, and how much disk space is required during this building process. Following the installation instructions, there is a list of programs and libraries (along with brief descriptions) that the package installs.
The SBU values and required disk space includes test suite data for all applicable packages in Chapter 8. SBU values have been calculated using a single CPU core (-j1) for all operations.
In general, the LFS editors discourage building and installing static libraries. The original purpose for most static libraries has been made obsolete in a modern Linux system. In addition, linking a static library into a program can be detrimental. If an update to the library is needed to remove a security problem, all programs that use the static library will need to be relinked to the new library. Since the use of static libraries is not always obvious, the relevant programs (and the procedures needed to do the linking) may not even be known.
In the procedures in this chapter, we remove or disable
installation of most static libraries. Usually this is done
by passing a --disable-static
option to configure. In other cases,
alternate means are needed. In a few cases, especially glibc
and gcc, the use of static libraries remains essential to the
general package building process.
For a more complete discussion of libraries, see the discussion Libraries: Static or shared? in the BLFS book.
Package Management is an often requested addition to the LFS Book. A Package Manager allows tracking the installation of files making it easy to remove and upgrade packages. As well as the binary and library files, a package manager will handle the installation of configuration files. Before you begin to wonder, NO—this section will not talk about nor recommend any particular package manager. What it provides is a roundup of the more popular techniques and how they work. The perfect package manager for you may be among these techniques or may be a combination of two or more of these techniques. This section briefly mentions issues that may arise when upgrading packages.
Some reasons why no package manager is mentioned in LFS or BLFS include:
Dealing with package management takes the focus away from the goals of these books—teaching how a Linux system is built.
There are multiple solutions for package management, each having its strengths and drawbacks. Including one that satisfies all audiences is difficult.
There are some hints written on the topic of package management. Visit the Hints Project and see if one of them fits your need.
A Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions when they are released. Generally the instructions in the LFS and BLFS books can be used to upgrade to the newer versions. Here are some points that you should be aware of when upgrading packages, especially on a running system.
If Linux kernel needs to be upgraded (for example, from 5.10.17 to 5.10.18 or 5.11.1), nothing else need to be rebuilt. The system will keep working fine thanks to the well-defined border between kernel and userspace. Specifically, Linux API headers need not to be (and should not be, see the next item) upgraded alongside the kernel. You'll need to reboot your system to use the upgraded kernel.
If Linux API headers or Glibc needs to be upgraded to a newer version, (e.g. from glibc-2.31 to glibc-2.32), it is safer to rebuild LFS. Though you may be able to rebuild all the packages in their dependency order, we do not recommend it.
If a package containing a shared library is updated,
and if the name of the library changes, then any
packages dynamically linked to the library need to be
recompiled in order to link against the newer library.
(Note that there is no correlation between the package
version and the name of the library.) For example,
consider a package foo-1.2.3 that installs a shared
library with name libfoo.so.1
. If you upgrade the
package to a newer version foo-1.2.4 that installs a
shared library with name libfoo.so.2
. In this case, any
packages that are dynamically linked to libfoo.so.1
need to be recompiled to
link against libfoo.so.2
in order to use the new library version. You should not
remove the previous libraries unless all the dependent
packages are recompiled.
If a package containing a shared library is updated,
and the name of library doesn't change, but the version
number of the library file decreases (for
example, the name of the library is kept named
libfoo.so.1
, but the name
of library file is changed from libfoo.so.1.25
to libfoo.so.1.24
), you should remove
the library file from the previously installed version
(libfoo.so.1.25
in the
case). Or, a ldconfig run (by
yourself using a command line, or by the installation
of some package) will reset the symlink libfoo.so.1
to point to the old
library file because it seems having a “newer” version, as its
version number is larger. This situation may happen if
you have to downgrade a package, or the package changes
the versioning scheme of library files suddenly.
If a package containing a shared library is updated,
and the name of library doesn't change, but a severe
issue (especially, a security vulnerability) is fixed,
all running programs linked to the shared library
should be restarted. The following command, run as
root
after updating,
will list what is using the old versions of those
libraries (replace libfoo
with the name of
the library):
grep -l -e 'libfoo
.*deleted' /proc/*/maps |
tr -cd 0-9\\n | xargs -r ps u
If OpenSSH is being used for accessing the system and it is linked to the updated library, you need to restart sshd service, then logout, login again, and rerun that command to confirm nothing is still using the deleted libraries.
If a binary or a shared library is overwritten, the processes using the code or data in the binary or library may crash. The correct way to update a binary or a shared library without causing the process to crash is to remove it first, then install the new version into position. The install command provided by Coreutils has already implemented this and most packages use it to install binaries and libraries. This means that you won't be troubled by this issue most of the time. However, the install process of some packages (notably Mozilla JS in BLFS) just overwrites the file if it exists and causes a crash, so it's safer to save your work and close unneeded running processes before updating a package.
The following are some common package management techniques. Before making a decision on a package manager, do some research on the various techniques, particularly the drawbacks of the particular scheme.
Yes, this is a package management technique. Some folks do not find the need for a package manager because they know the packages intimately and know what files are installed by each package. Some users also do not need any package management because they plan on rebuilding the entire system when a package is changed.
This is a simplistic package management that does not need
any extra package to manage the installations. Each package
is installed in a separate directory. For example, package
foo-1.1 is installed in /usr/pkg/foo-1.1
and a symlink is made
from /usr/pkg/foo
to
/usr/pkg/foo-1.1
. When
installing a new version foo-1.2, it is installed in
/usr/pkg/foo-1.2
and the
previous symlink is replaced by a symlink to the new
version.
Environment variables such as PATH
, LD_LIBRARY_PATH
, MANPATH
, INFOPATH
and CPPFLAGS
need to be expanded
to include /usr/pkg/foo
. For
more than a few packages, this scheme becomes unmanageable.
This is a variation of the previous package management
technique. Each package is installed similar to the
previous scheme. But instead of making the symlink, each
file is symlinked into the /usr
hierarchy. This removes the need to
expand the environment variables. Though the symlinks can
be created by the user to automate the creation, many
package managers have been written using this approach. A
few of the popular ones include Stow, Epkg, Graft, and
Depot.
The installation needs to be faked, so that the package
thinks that it is installed in /usr
though in reality it is installed in
the /usr/pkg
hierarchy.
Installing in this manner is not usually a trivial task.
For example, consider that you are installing a package
libfoo-1.1. The following instructions may not install the
package properly:
./configure --prefix=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 make make install
The installation will work, but the dependent packages may
not link to libfoo as you would expect. If you compile a
package that links against libfoo, you may notice that it
is linked to /usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1/lib/libfoo.so.1
instead of /usr/lib/libfoo.so.1
as you would expect.
The correct approach is to use the DESTDIR
strategy to fake installation of the
package. This approach works as follows:
./configure --prefix=/usr make make DESTDIR=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 install
Most packages support this approach, but there are some
which do not. For the non-compliant packages, you may
either need to manually install the package, or you may
find that it is easier to install some problematic packages
into /opt
.
In this technique, a file is timestamped before the installation of the package. After the installation, a simple use of the find command with the appropriate options can generate a log of all the files installed after the timestamp file was created. A package manager written with this approach is install-log.
Though this scheme has the advantage of being simple, it has two drawbacks. If, during installation, the files are installed with any timestamp other than the current time, those files will not be tracked by the package manager. Also, this scheme can only be used when one package is installed at a time. The logs are not reliable if two packages are being installed on two different consoles.
In this approach, the commands that the installation scripts perform are recorded. There are two techniques that one can use:
The LD_PRELOAD
environment
variable can be set to point to a library to be preloaded
before installation. During installation, this library
tracks the packages that are being installed by attaching
itself to various executables such as cp, install, mv and tracking the
system calls that modify the filesystem. For this approach
to work, all the executables need to be dynamically linked
without the suid or sgid bit. Preloading the library may
cause some unwanted side-effects during installation.
Therefore, it is advised that one performs some tests to
ensure that the package manager does not break anything and
logs all the appropriate files.
The second technique is to use strace, which logs all system calls made during the execution of the installation scripts.
In this scheme, the package installation is faked into a separate tree as described in the Symlink style package management. After the installation, a package archive is created using the installed files. This archive is then used to install the package either on the local machine or can even be used to install the package on other machines.
This approach is used by most of the package managers found in the commercial distributions. Examples of package managers that follow this approach are RPM (which, incidentally, is required by the Linux Standard Base Specification), pkg-utils, Debian's apt, and Gentoo's Portage system. A hint describing how to adopt this style of package management for LFS systems is located at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/fakeroot.txt.
Creation of package files that include dependency information is complex and is beyond the scope of LFS.
Slackware uses a tar based system for package archives. This system purposely does not handle package dependencies as more complex package managers do. For details of Slackware package management, see http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html.
This scheme, unique to LFS, was devised by Matthias Benkmann, and is available from the Hints Project. In this scheme, each package is installed as a separate user into the standard locations. Files belonging to a package are easily identified by checking the user ID. The features and shortcomings of this approach are too complex to describe in this section. For the details please see the hint at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt.
One of the advantages of an LFS system is that there are no
files that depend on the position of files on a disk system.
Cloning an LFS build to another computer with the same
architecture as the base system is as simple as using
tar on the LFS
partition that contains the root directory (about 250MB
uncompressed for a base LFS build), copying that file via
network transfer or CD-ROM to the new system and expanding
it. From that point, a few configuration files will have to
be changed. Configuration files that may need to be updated
include: /etc/hosts
,
/etc/fstab
, /etc/passwd
, /etc/group
, /etc/shadow
,
/etc/ld.so.conf
, /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
, /etc/sysconfig/network
, and /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0
.
A custom kernel may need to be built for the new system depending on differences in system hardware and the original kernel configuration.
There have been some reports of issues when copying between similar but not identical architectures. For instance, the instruction set for an Intel system is not identical with an AMD processor and later versions of some processors may have instructions that are unavailable in earlier versions.
Finally the new system has to be made bootable via Section 10.4, “Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process”.
The Man-pages package contains over 2,200 man pages.
Install Man-pages by running:
make prefix=/usr install
The Iana-Etc package provides data for network services and protocols.
For this package, we only need to copy the files into place:
cp services protocols /etc
The Glibc package contains the main C library. This library provides the basic routines for allocating memory, searching directories, opening and closing files, reading and writing files, string handling, pattern matching, arithmetic, and so on.
Some of the Glibc programs use the non-FHS compliant
/var/db
directory to store
their runtime data. Apply the following patch to make such
programs store their runtime data in the FHS-compliant
locations:
patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.35-fhs-1.patch
The Glibc documentation recommends building Glibc in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
Ensure that the ldconfig and sln utilites will be
installed into /usr/sbin
:
echo "rootsbindir=/usr/sbin" > configparms
Prepare Glibc for compilation:
../configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-werror \ --enable-kernel=3.2 \ --enable-stack-protector=strong \ --with-headers=/usr/include \ libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-werror
This option disables the -Werror option passed to GCC. This is necessary for running the test suite.
--enable-kernel=3.2
This option tells the build system that this glibc may be used with kernels as old as 3.2. This means generating workarounds in case a system call introduced in a later version cannot be used.
--enable-stack-protector=strong
This option increases system security by adding extra code to check for buffer overflows, such as stack smashing attacks.
--with-headers=/usr/include
This option tells the build system where to find the kernel API headers.
libc_cv_slibdir=/usr/lib
This variable sets the correct library for all systems. We do not want lib64 to be used.
Compile the package:
make
In this section, the test suite for Glibc is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstance.
Generally a few tests do not pass. The test failures listed below are usually safe to ignore.
make check
You may see some test failures. The Glibc test suite is somewhat dependent on the host system. A few failures out of over 4200 tests can generally be ignored. This is a list of the most common issues seen for recent versions of LFS:
io/tst-lchmod is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment.
misc/tst-ttyname is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment.
The nss/tst-nss-files-hosts-multi test is known to fail if the system has no non-loopback IP addresses.
Though it is a harmless message, the install stage of Glibc
will complain about the absence of /etc/ld.so.conf
. Prevent this warning with:
touch /etc/ld.so.conf
Fix the Makefile to skip an unneeded sanity check that fails in the LFS partial environment:
sed '/test-installation/s@$(PERL)@echo not running@' -i ../Makefile
Install the package:
make install
Fix hardcoded path to the executable loader in ldd script:
sed '/RTLDLIST=/s@/usr@@g' -i /usr/bin/ldd
Install the configuration file and runtime directory for nscd:
cp -v ../nscd/nscd.conf /etc/nscd.conf mkdir -pv /var/cache/nscd
Next, install the locales that can make the system respond in a different language. None of the locales are required, but if some of them are missing, the test suites of future packages would skip important testcases.
Individual locales can be installed using the localedef program. E.g.,
the second localedef command below
combines the /usr/share/i18n/locales/cs_CZ
charset-independent locale definition with the /usr/share/i18n/charmaps/UTF-8.gz
charmap
definition and appends the result to the /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive
file. The
following instructions will install the minimum set of
locales necessary for the optimal coverage of tests:
mkdir -pv /usr/lib/locale localedef -i POSIX -f UTF-8 C.UTF-8 2> /dev/null || true localedef -i cs_CZ -f UTF-8 cs_CZ.UTF-8 localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE localedef -i de_DE@euro -f ISO-8859-15 de_DE@euro localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE.UTF-8 localedef -i el_GR -f ISO-8859-7 el_GR localedef -i en_GB -f ISO-8859-1 en_GB localedef -i en_GB -f UTF-8 en_GB.UTF-8 localedef -i en_HK -f ISO-8859-1 en_HK localedef -i en_PH -f ISO-8859-1 en_PH localedef -i en_US -f ISO-8859-1 en_US localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US.UTF-8 localedef -i es_ES -f ISO-8859-15 es_ES@euro localedef -i es_MX -f ISO-8859-1 es_MX localedef -i fa_IR -f UTF-8 fa_IR localedef -i fr_FR -f ISO-8859-1 fr_FR localedef -i fr_FR@euro -f ISO-8859-15 fr_FR@euro localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR.UTF-8 localedef -i is_IS -f ISO-8859-1 is_IS localedef -i is_IS -f UTF-8 is_IS.UTF-8 localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-1 it_IT localedef -i it_IT -f ISO-8859-15 it_IT@euro localedef -i it_IT -f UTF-8 it_IT.UTF-8 localedef -i ja_JP -f EUC-JP ja_JP localedef -i ja_JP -f SHIFT_JIS ja_JP.SJIS 2> /dev/null || true localedef -i ja_JP -f UTF-8 ja_JP.UTF-8 localedef -i nl_NL@euro -f ISO-8859-15 nl_NL@euro localedef -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R localedef -i ru_RU -f UTF-8 ru_RU.UTF-8 localedef -i se_NO -f UTF-8 se_NO.UTF-8 localedef -i ta_IN -f UTF-8 ta_IN.UTF-8 localedef -i tr_TR -f UTF-8 tr_TR.UTF-8 localedef -i zh_CN -f GB18030 zh_CN.GB18030 localedef -i zh_HK -f BIG5-HKSCS zh_HK.BIG5-HKSCS localedef -i zh_TW -f UTF-8 zh_TW.UTF-8
In addition, install the locale for your own country, language and character set.
Alternatively, install all locales listed in the glibc-2.35/localedata/SUPPORTED
file (it
includes every locale listed above and many more) at once
with the following time-consuming command:
make localedata/install-locales
Then use the localedef command to create
and install locales not listed in the glibc-2.35/localedata/SUPPORTED
file when
you need them. For instance, the following two locales are
needed for some tests later in this chapter:
localedef -i POSIX -f UTF-8 C.UTF-8 2> /dev/null || true localedef -i ja_JP -f SHIFT_JIS ja_JP.SJIS 2> /dev/null || true
Glibc now uses libidn2 when resolving internationalized domain names. This is a run time dependency. If this capability is needed, the instructions for installing libidn2 are in the BLFS libidn2 page.
The /etc/nsswitch.conf
file
needs to be created because the Glibc defaults do not work
well in a networked environment.
Create a new file /etc/nsswitch.conf
by running the
following:
cat > /etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files
# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
EOF
Install and set up the time zone data with the following:
tar -xf ../../tzdata2021e.tar.gz ZONEINFO=/usr/share/zoneinfo mkdir -pv $ZONEINFO/{posix,right} for tz in etcetera southamerica northamerica europe africa antarctica \ asia australasia backward; do zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO ${tz} zic -L /dev/null -d $ZONEINFO/posix ${tz} zic -L leapseconds -d $ZONEINFO/right ${tz} done cp -v zone.tab zone1970.tab iso3166.tab $ZONEINFO zic -d $ZONEINFO -p America/New_York unset ZONEINFO
The meaning of the zic commands:
zic -L
/dev/null ...
This creates posix time zones without any leap
seconds. It is conventional to put these in both
zoneinfo
and
zoneinfo/posix
. It is
necessary to put the POSIX time zones in zoneinfo
, otherwise various
test-suites will report errors. On an embedded
system, where space is tight and you do not intend to
ever update the time zones, you could save 1.9 MB by
not using the posix
directory, but some applications or test-suites might
produce some failures.
zic -L
leapseconds ...
This creates right time zones, including leap
seconds. On an embedded system, where space is tight
and you do not intend to ever update the time zones,
or care about the correct time, you could save 1.9MB
by omitting the right
directory.
zic ...
-p ...
This creates the posixrules
file. We use New York
because POSIX requires the daylight savings time
rules to be in accordance with US rules.
One way to determine the local time zone is to run the following script:
tzselect
After answering a few questions about the location, the
script will output the name of the time zone (e.g.,
America/Edmonton).
There are also some other possible time zones listed in
/usr/share/zoneinfo
such as
Canada/Eastern or
EST5EDT that are not
identified by the script but can be used.
Then create the /etc/localtime
file by running:
ln -sfv /usr/share/zoneinfo/<xxx>
/etc/localtime
Replace <xxx>
with the name
of the time zone selected (e.g., Canada/Eastern).
By default, the dynamic loader (/lib/ld-linux.so.2
) searches through
/lib
and /usr/lib
for dynamic libraries that are
needed by programs as they are run. However, if there are
libraries in directories other than /lib
and /usr/lib
, these need to be added to the
/etc/ld.so.conf
file in order
for the dynamic loader to find them. Two directories that
are commonly known to contain additional libraries are
/usr/local/lib
and
/opt/lib
, so add those
directories to the dynamic loader's search path.
Create a new file /etc/ld.so.conf
by running the following:
cat > /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
EOF
If desired, the dynamic loader can also search a directory and include the contents of files found there. Generally the files in this include directory are one line specifying the desired library path. To add this capability run the following commands:
cat >> /etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Add an include directory
include /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
EOF
mkdir -pv /etc/ld.so.conf.d
Generates message catalogues |
|
Displays the system configuration values for file system specific variables |
|
Gets entries from an administrative database |
|
Performs character set conversion |
|
Creates fastloading iconv module configuration files |
|
Configures the dynamic linker runtime bindings |
|
Reports which shared libraries are required by each given program or shared library |
|
Assists ldd with object files. It does not exist on newer architectures like x86_64 |
|
Prints various information about the current locale |
|
Compiles locale specifications |
|
Creates a simple database from textual input |
|
Reads and interprets a memory trace file and displays a summary in human-readable format |
|
A daemon that provides a cache for the most common name service requests |
|
Dump information generated by PC profiling |
|
Lists dynamic shared objects used by running processes |
|
A statically linked ln program |
|
Traces shared library procedure calls of a specified command |
|
Reads and displays shared object profiling data |
|
Asks the user about the location of the system and reports the corresponding time zone description |
|
Traces the execution of a program by printing the currently executed function |
|
The time zone dumper |
|
The time zone compiler |
|
The helper program for shared library executables |
|
Used internally by Glibc as a gross hack to get
broken programs (e.g., some Motif applications)
running. See comments in |
|
An asynchronous name lookup library |
|
The main C library |
|
Turns on memory allocation checking when preloaded |
|
The cryptography library |
|
Dummy library containing no functions. Previously
was the dynamic linking interface library, whose
functions are now in |
|
Dummy library containing no functions. Previously was a runtime library for g++ |
|
The mathematical library |
|
The vector math library, linked in as needed when
|
|
Turns on memory allocation checking when linked to |
|
Used by memusage to help collect information about the memory usage of a program |
|
The network services library, now deprecated |
|
The Name Service Switch modules, containing
functions for resolving host names, user names,
group names, aliases, services, protocols, etc.
Loaded by |
|
Can be preloaded to PC profile an executable |
|
Dummy library containing no functions. Previously
contained functions providing most of the
interfaces specified by the POSIX.1b Realtime
Extension, now the functions are in |
|
Contains functions for creating, sending, and interpreting packets to the Internet domain name servers |
|
Contains functions providing most of the interfaces specified by the POSIX.1b Realtime Extension |
|
Contains functions useful for building debuggers for multi-threaded programs |
|
Dummy library containing no functions. Previously
contained code for “standard” functions
used in many different Unix utilities. These
functions are now in |
The Zlib package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.
Prepare Zlib for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Remove a useless static library:
rm -fv /usr/lib/libz.a
The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. Compressing text files with bzip2 yields a much better compression percentage than with the traditional gzip.
Apply a patch that will install the documentation for this package:
patch -Np1 -i ../bzip2-1.0.8-install_docs-1.patch
The following command ensures installation of symbolic links are relative:
sed -i 's@\(ln -s -f \)$(PREFIX)/bin/@\1@' Makefile
Ensure the man pages are installed into the correct location:
sed -i "s@(PREFIX)/man@(PREFIX)/share/man@g" Makefile
Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:
make -f Makefile-libbz2_so make clean
The meaning of the make parameter:
-f
Makefile-libbz2_so
This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different
Makefile
file, in this
case the Makefile-libbz2_so
file, which
creates a dynamic libbz2.so
library and links the Bzip2
utilities against it.
Compile and test the package:
make
Install the programs:
make PREFIX=/usr install
Install the shared library:
cp -av libbz2.so.* /usr/lib ln -sv libbz2.so.1.0.8 /usr/lib/libbz2.so
Install the shared bzip2 binary into the
/usr/bin
directory, and replace
two copies of bzip2 with symlinks:
cp -v bzip2-shared /usr/bin/bzip2 for i in /usr/bin/{bzcat,bunzip2}; do ln -sfv bzip2 $i done
Remove a useless static library:
rm -fv /usr/lib/libbz2.a
Decompresses bzipped files |
|
Decompresses to standard output |
|
Runs cmp on bzipped files |
|
Runs diff on bzipped files |
|
Runs egrep on bzipped files |
|
Runs fgrep on bzipped files |
|
Runs grep on bzipped files |
|
Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using “Lempel-Ziv” algorithms, like gzip |
|
Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files |
|
Runs less on bzipped files |
|
Runs more on bzipped files |
|
The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm |
The Xz package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides capabilities for the lzma and the newer xz compression formats. Compressing text files with xz yields a better compression percentage than with the traditional gzip or bzip2 commands.
Prepare Xz for compilation with:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/xz-5.2.5
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Decompresses to standard output |
|
Runs cmp on LZMA compressed files |
|
Runs diff on LZMA compressed files |
|
Runs egrep on LZMA compressed files |
|
Runs fgrep on LZMA compressed files |
|
Runs grep on LZMA compressed files |
|
Runs less on LZMA compressed files |
|
Compresses or decompresses files using the LZMA format |
|
A small and fast decoder for LZMA compressed files |
|
Shows information stored in the LZMA compressed file header |
|
Runs more on LZMA compressed files |
|
Decompresses files using the LZMA format |
|
Decompresses files using the XZ format |
|
Compresses or decompresses files using the XZ format |
|
Decompresses to standard output |
|
Runs cmp on XZ compressed files |
|
A small and fast decoder for XZ compressed files |
|
Runs diff on XZ compressed files |
|
Runs egrep on XZ compressed files |
|
Runs fgrep on XZ compressed files |
|
Runs grep on XZ compressed files |
|
Runs less on XZ compressed files |
|
Runs more on XZ compressed files |
|
The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data compression, using the Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain algorithm |
Zstandard is a real-time compression algorithm, providing high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of compression / speed trade-offs, while being backed by a very fast decoder.
Compile the package:
make
In the test output there are several places that indicate 'failed'. These are expected and only 'FAIL' is an actual test failure. There should be no test failures.
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make prefix=/usr install
Remove the static library:
rm -v /usr/lib/libzstd.a
The File package contains a utility for determining the type of a given file or files.
Prepare File for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Readline package is a set of libraries that offers command-line editing and history capabilities.
Reinstalling Readline will cause the old libraries to be moved to <libraryname>.old. While this is normally not a problem, in some cases it can trigger a linking bug in ldconfig. This can be avoided by issuing the following two seds:
sed -i '/MV.*old/d' Makefile.in sed -i '/{OLDSUFF}/c:' support/shlib-install
Prepare Readline for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --with-curses \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/readline-8.1.2
The meaning of the configure option:
--with-curses
This option tells Readline that it can find the termcap
library functions in the curses library, rather than a
separate termcap library. It allows generating a
correct readline.pc
file.
Compile the package:
make SHLIB_LIBS="-lncursesw"
The meaning of the make option:
SHLIB_LIBS="-lncursesw"
This option forces Readline to link against the
libncursesw
library.
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make SHLIB_LIBS="-lncursesw" install
If desired, install the documentation:
install -v -m644 doc/*.{ps,pdf,html,dvi} /usr/share/doc/readline-8.1.2
The M4 package contains a macro processor.
Prepare M4 for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Copies the given files while expanding the macros that they contain. These macros are either built-in or user-defined and can take any number of arguments. Besides performing macro expansion, m4 has built-in functions for including named files, running Unix commands, performing integer arithmetic, manipulating text, recursion, etc. The m4 program can be used either as a front-end to a compiler or as a macro processor in its own right |
The Bc package contains an arbitrary precision numeric processing language.
Prepare Bc for compilation:
CC=gcc ./configure --prefix=/usr -G -O3
The meaning of the configure options:
CC=gcc
This parameter specifies the compiler to use.
-O3
Specify the optimization to use.
-G
Omit parts of the test suite that won't work without a GNU bc present.
Compile the package:
make
To test bc, run:
make test
Install the package:
make install
The Flex package contains a utility for generating programs that recognize patterns in text.
Prepare Flex for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/flex-2.6.4 \ --disable-static
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (about 0.5 SBU), issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
A few programs do not know about flex yet and try to run its
predecessor, lex. To support those
programs, create a symbolic link named lex
that runs flex
in lex emulation mode:
ln -sv flex /usr/bin/lex
A tool for generating programs that recognize patterns in text; it allows for the versatility to specify the rules for pattern-finding, eradicating the need to develop a specialized program |
|
An extension of flex, is used for generating C++ code and classes. It is a symbolic link to flex |
|
A symbolic link that runs flex in lex emulation mode |
|
The |
The Tcl package contains the Tool Command Language, a robust general-purpose scripting language. The Expect package is written in the Tcl language.
This package and the next two (Expect and DejaGNU) are installed to support running the test suites for binutils and GCC and other packages. Installing three packages for testing purposes may seem excessive, but it is very reassuring, if not essential, to know that the most important tools are working properly.
First, unpack the documentation by issuing the following command:
tar -xf ../tcl8.6.12-html.tar.gz --strip-components=1
Prepare Tcl for compilation:
SRCDIR=$(pwd) cd unix ./configure --prefix=/usr \ --mandir=/usr/share/man \ $([ "$(uname -m)" = x86_64 ] && echo --enable-64bit)
The meaning of the configure options:
$([
"$(uname -m)" = x86_64 ] && echo
--enable-64bit)
The construct $(<shell
command>)
is replaced by the output of
the shell command. Here this output is empty if running
on a 32 bit machine, and is --enable-64bit
if running
on a 64 bit machine.
Build the package:
make sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix|/usr/lib|" \ -e "s|$SRCDIR|/usr/include|" \ -i tclConfig.sh sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix/pkgs/tdbc1.1.3|/usr/lib/tdbc1.1.3|" \ -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.3/generic|/usr/include|" \ -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.3/library|/usr/lib/tcl8.6|" \ -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/tdbc1.1.3|/usr/include|" \ -i pkgs/tdbc1.1.3/tdbcConfig.sh sed -e "s|$SRCDIR/unix/pkgs/itcl4.2.2|/usr/lib/itcl4.2.2|" \ -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/itcl4.2.2/generic|/usr/include|" \ -e "s|$SRCDIR/pkgs/itcl4.2.2|/usr/include|" \ -i pkgs/itcl4.2.2/itclConfig.sh unset SRCDIR
The various “sed” instructions after the “make” command removes references to the build directory from the configuration files and replaces them with the install directory. This is not mandatory for the remainder of LFS, but may be needed in case a package built later uses Tcl.
To test the results, issue:
make test
Install the package:
make install
Make the installed library writable so debugging symbols can be removed later:
chmod -v u+w /usr/lib/libtcl8.6.so
Install Tcl's headers. The next package, Expect, requires them.
make install-private-headers
Now make a necessary symbolic link:
ln -sfv tclsh8.6 /usr/bin/tclsh
Rename a man page that conflicts with a Perl man page:
mv /usr/share/man/man3/{Thread,Tcl_Thread}.3
If you downloaded the optional documentation, install it by issuing the following commands:
mkdir -v -p /usr/share/doc/tcl-8.6.12 cp -v -r ../html/* /usr/share/doc/tcl-8.6.12
The Expect package contains tools for automating, via scripted dialogues, interactive applications such as telnet, ftp, passwd, fsck, rlogin, and tip. Expect is also useful for testing these same applications as well as easing all sorts of tasks that are prohibitively difficult with anything else. The DejaGnu framework is written in Expect.
Prepare Expect for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --with-tcl=/usr/lib \ --enable-shared \ --mandir=/usr/share/man \ --with-tclinclude=/usr/include
The meaning of the configure options:
--with-tcl=/usr/lib
This parameter is needed to tell configure where the tclConfig.sh script is located.
--with-tclinclude=/usr/include
This explicitly tells Expect where to find Tcl's internal headers.
Build the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make test
Install the package:
make install ln -svf expect5.45.4/libexpect5.45.4.so /usr/lib
The DejaGnu package contains a framework for running test suites on GNU tools. It is written in expect, which itself uses Tcl (Tool Command Language).
The upstream recommends building DejaGNU in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare DejaGNU for compilation:
../configure --prefix=/usr makeinfo --html --no-split -o doc/dejagnu.html ../doc/dejagnu.texi makeinfo --plaintext -o doc/dejagnu.txt ../doc/dejagnu.texi
Build and install the package:
make install install -v -dm755 /usr/share/doc/dejagnu-1.6.3 install -v -m644 doc/dejagnu.{html,txt} /usr/share/doc/dejagnu-1.6.3
To test the results, issue:
make check
The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for handling object files.
Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot environment by performing a simple test:
expect -c "spawn ls"
This command should output the following:
spawn ls
If, instead, the output includes the message below, then the environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. This issue needs to be resolved before running the test suites for Binutils and GCC:
The system has no more ptys.
Ask your system administrator to create more.
Upstream has made a patch to fix a problem when using binutils for building some BLFS packages with Link Time Optimization (LTO) enabled. Apply that now:
patch -Np1 -i ../binutils-2.38-lto_fix-1.patch
Now make a fix identified upstream that affects building some packages:
sed -e '/R_386_TLS_LE /i \ || (TYPE) == R_386_TLS_IE \\' \ -i ./bfd/elfxx-x86.h
The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare Binutils for compilation:
../configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-gold \ --enable-ld=default \ --enable-plugins \ --enable-shared \ --disable-werror \ --enable-64-bit-bfd \ --with-system-zlib
The meaning of the configure parameters:
--enable-gold
Build the gold linker and install it as ld.gold (along side the default linker).
--enable-ld=default
Build the original bfd linker and install it as both ld (the default linker) and ld.bfd.
--enable-plugins
Enables plugin support for the linker.
--enable-64-bit-bfd
Enables 64-bit support (on hosts with narrower word sizes). May not be needed on 64-bit systems, but does no harm.
--with-system-zlib
Use the installed zlib library rather than building the included version.
Compile the package:
make tooldir=/usr
The meaning of the make parameter:
tooldir=/usr
Normally, the tooldir (the directory where the
executables will ultimately be located) is set to
$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)
. For
example, x86_64 machines would expand that to
/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
.
Because this is a custom system, this target-specific
directory in /usr
is not
required. $(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)
would
be used if the system was used to cross-compile (for
example, compiling a package on an Intel machine that
generates code that can be executed on PowerPC
machines).
The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
Test the results:
make -k check
Install the package:
make tooldir=/usr install
Remove useless static libraries:
rm -fv /usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,opcodes}.a
Translates program addresses to file names and line numbers; given an address and the name of an executable, it uses the debugging information in the executable to determine which source file and line number are associated with the address |
|
Creates, modifies, and extracts from archives |
|
An assembler that assembles the output of gcc into object files |
|
Used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and Java symbols and to keep overloaded functions from clashing |
|
The DWARF packaging utility |
|
Updates the ELF header of ELF files |
|
Displays call graph profile data |
|
A linker that combines a number of object and archive files into a single file, relocating their data and tying up symbol references |
|
A cut down version of ld that only supports the elf object file format |
|
Hard link to ld |
|
Lists the symbols occurring in a given object file |
|
Translates one type of object file into another |
|
Displays information about the given object file, with options controlling the particular information to display; the information shown is useful to programmers who are working on the compilation tools |
|
Generates an index of the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive; the index lists all of the symbols defined by archive members that are relocatable object files |
|
Displays information about ELF type binaries |
|
Lists the section sizes and the total size for the given object files |
|
Outputs, for each given file, the sequences of printable characters that are of at least the specified length (defaulting to four); for object files, it prints, by default, only the strings from the initializing and loading sections while for other types of files, it scans the entire file |
|
Discards symbols from object files |
|
The Binary File Descriptor library |
|
The Compat ANSI-C Type Format debugging support library |
|
A libctf variant which does not use libbfd functionality |
|
A library for dealing with opcodes—the “readable text” versions of instructions for the processor; it is used for building utilities like objdump |
The GMP package contains math libraries. These have useful functions for arbitrary precision arithmetic.
If you are building for 32-bit x86, but you have a CPU
which is capable of running 64-bit code and you have specified
CFLAGS
in the environment, the
configure script will attempt to configure for 64-bits and
fail. Avoid this by invoking the configure command below
with
ABI=32
./configure ...
The default settings of GMP produce libraries optimized for the host processor. If libraries suitable for processors less capable than the host's CPU are desired, generic libraries can be created by running the following:
cp -v configfsf.guess config.guess cp -v configfsf.sub config.sub
Prepare GMP for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-cxx \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.1
The meaning of the new configure options:
--enable-cxx
This parameter enables C++ support
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/gmp-6.2.1
This variable specifies the correct place for the documentation.
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make make html
The test suite for GMP in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
Test the results:
make check 2>&1 | tee gmp-check-log
The code in gmp is highly optimized for the processor where it is built. Occasionally, the code that detects the processor misidentifies the system capabilities and there will be errors in the tests or other applications using the gmp libraries with the message "Illegal instruction". In this case, gmp should be reconfigured with the option --build=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu and rebuilt.
Ensure that all 197 tests in the test suite passed. Check the results by issuing the following command:
awk '/# PASS:/{total+=$3} ; END{print total}' gmp-check-log
Install the package and its documentation:
make install make install-html
The MPFR package contains functions for multiple precision math.
Prepare MPFR for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --enable-thread-safe \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpfr-4.1.0
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make make html
The test suite for MPFR in this section is considered critical. Do not skip it under any circumstances.
Test the results and ensure that all tests passed:
make check
Install the package and its documentation:
make install make install-html
The MPC package contains a library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result.
Prepare MPC for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/mpc-1.2.1
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make make html
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package and its documentation:
make install make install-html
The attr package contains utilities to administer the extended attributes on filesystem objects.
Prepare Attr for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/attr-2.5.1
Compile the package:
make
The tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports extended attributes such as the ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystems. To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Acl package contains utilities to administer Access Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.
Prepare Acl for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/acl-2.3.1
Compile the package:
make
The Acl tests need to be run on a filesystem that supports access controls after Coreutils has been built with the Acl libraries. If desired, return to this package and run make check after Coreutils has been built later in this chapter.
Install the package:
make install
The Libcap package implements the user-space interfaces to the POSIX 1003.1e capabilities available in Linux kernels. These capabilities are a partitioning of the all powerful root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
Prevent static libraries from being installed:
sed -i '/install -m.*STA/d' libcap/Makefile
Compile the package:
make prefix=/usr lib=lib
The meaning of the make option:
lib=lib
This parameter sets the library directory to
/usr/lib
rather than
/usr/lib64
on x86_64. It
has no effect on x86.
To test the results, issue:
make test
Install the package:
make prefix=/usr lib=lib install
A shell wrapper to explore and constrain capability support |
|
Examines file capabilities |
|
Displays the capabilities on the queried process(es) |
|
Sets file capabilities |
|
Contains the library functions for manipulating POSIX 1003.1e capabilities |
|
Contains functions to support POSIX semantics for syscalls associated with the pthread library |
The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure way.
If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords,
refer to
https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/postlfs/cracklib.html
for installing CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add
--with-libcrack
to
the configure
command below.
Disable the installation of the groups program and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also, prevent the installation of manual pages that were already installed in Section 8.3, “Man-pages-5.13”:
sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \; find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \; find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;
Instead of using the default
crypt method, use the
more secure SHA-512
method of password encryption, which also allows passwords
longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change the
obsolete /var/spool/mail
location for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to
the /var/mail
location used
currently. And, get rid of /bin
and /sbin
from PATH
, since they are simply symlinks to their
counterpart in /usr
.
If /bin
and/or /sbin
are preferred to be left over in
PATH
for some reason, modify
PATH
in .bashrc
after LFS is built.
sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512:' \ -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:' \ -e '/PATH=/{s@/sbin:@@;s@/bin:@@}' \ -i etc/login.defs
If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following:
sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs
Prepare Shadow for compilation:
touch /usr/bin/passwd ./configure --sysconfdir=/etc \ --disable-static \ --with-group-name-max-length=32
The meaning of the configure option:
The file /usr/bin/passwd
needs to exist because its location is hardcoded in
some programs, and if it does not exist, the default
location is not right.
--with-group-name-max-length=32
The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum group name the same.
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make exec_prefix=/usr install make -C man install-man
This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete
users and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform
other administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what
password shadowing
means, see the doc/HOWTO
file
within the unpacked source tree. If using Shadow support,
keep in mind that programs which need to verify passwords
(display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.) must be
Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with
shadowed passwords.
To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:
pwconv
To enable shadowed group passwords, run:
grpconv
Shadow's default configuration for the useradd utility has a few
caveats that need some explanation. First, the default action
for the useradd
utility is to create the user and a group of the same name as
the user. By default the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID)
numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass
parameters to useradd, each user will be
a member of a unique group on the system. If this behavior is
undesirable, you'll need to pass one of the -g
or -N
parameter to useradd or to change the
setting of USERGROUPS_ENAB
in /etc/login.defs
. See useradd(8)
for more information.
Second, to change the default parameters, the file
/etc/default/useradd
needs to
be created and tailored to suit your particular needs. Create
it with:
mkdir -p /etc/default useradd -D --gid 999
/etc/default/useradd
Parameter Explanations
GROUP=999
This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers
used in the /etc/group
file. The particular value 999 comes from the
--gid
parameter
above. You can modify it to anything you desire. Note
that useradd will never
reuse a UID or GID. If the number identified in this
parameter is used, it will use the next available
number. Note also that if you don't have a group with
an ID equal to this number on your system the first
time you use useradd without the
-g
parameter,
you will get a message displayed on the terminal that
says: useradd: unknown GID
999
, although the account is correctly created.
That is why we have created the group users
with this group ID in
Section 7.6,
“Creating Essential Files and
Symlinks”.
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes
This parameter causes useradd to create a
mailbox file for the newly created user. useradd will make the
group ownership of this file to the mail
group with 0660 permissions.
If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not
created by useradd, issue the
following command:
sed -i '/MAIL/s/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd
Choose a password for user root and set it by running:
passwd root
Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory password changes |
|
Used to change a user's full name and other information |
|
Used to update group passwords in batch mode |
|
Used to update user passwords in batch mode |
|
Used to change a user's default login shell |
|
Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy |
|
Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count |
|
Is used to list the subordinate id ranges for a user |
|
Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups |
|
Creates a group with the given name |
|
Deletes the group with the given name |
|
Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list without the requirement of super user privileges. |
|
Is used to modify the given group's name or GID |
|
Verifies the integrity of the group files
|
|
Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file |
|
Updates |
|
Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user |
|
Is used by the system to let users sign on |
|
Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports |
|
Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace |
|
Is used to change the current GID during a login session |
|
Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace |
|
Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts |
|
Displays a message that an account is not available; it is designed to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been disabled |
|
Is used to change the password for a user or group account |
|
Verifies the integrity of the password files
|
|
Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal password file |
|
Updates |
|
Executes a given command while the user's GID is set to that of the given group |
|
Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs |
|
Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default new-user information |
|
Deletes the given user account |
|
Is used to modify the given user's login name, User Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc. |
|
Edits the |
|
Edits the |
|
library for process subordinate id ranges for users |
The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes the C and C++ compilers.
At first, fix an issue breaking libasan.a
building this package with
Glibc-2.34 or later:
sed -e '/static.*SIGSTKSZ/d' \ -e 's/return kAltStackSize/return SIGSTKSZ * 4/' \ -i libsanitizer/sanitizer_common/sanitizer_posix_libcdep.cpp
If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit libraries to “lib”:
case $(uname -m) in x86_64) sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \ -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64 ;; esac
The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated build directory:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare GCC for compilation:
../configure --prefix=/usr \ LD=ld \ --enable-languages=c,c++ \ --disable-multilib \ --disable-bootstrap \ --with-system-zlib
Note that for other programming languages there are some prerequisites that are not yet available. See the BLFS Book GCC page for instructions on how to build all of GCC's supported languages.
The meaning of the new configure parameters:
LD=ld
This parameter makes the configure script use the ld installed by the binutils built earlier in this chapter, rather than the cross-built version which would otherwise be used.
--with-system-zlib
This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed copy of the zlib library, rather than its own internal copy.
Compile the package:
make
In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered important, but it takes a long time. First time builders are encouraged to not skip it. The time to run the tests can be reduced significantly by adding -jx to the make command below where x is the number of cores on your system.
One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust the default stack, so increase the stack size prior to running the tests:
ulimit -s 32768
Test the results as a non-privileged user, but do not stop at errors:
chown -Rv tester . su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"
To receive a summary of the test suite results, run:
../contrib/test_summary
For only the summaries, pipe the output through
grep -A7
Summ
.
Results can be compared with those located at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/build-logs/11.1/ and https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/.
Eight tests related to analyzer are known to fail.
One test named asan_test.C
is
known to fail.
In libstdc++, one test named 49745.cc
is known to fail because the
header dependencies in glibc have changed.
In libstdc++, one numpunct test and six tests related to get_time are known to fail. These are all because the locale definitions in glibc have changed but libstdc++ does not currently support those changes.
A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC developers are usually aware of these issues, but have not resolved them yet. Unless the test results are vastly different from those at the above URL, it is safe to continue.
Install the package and remove an unneeded directory:
make install rm -rf /usr/lib/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/11.2.0/include-fixed/bits/
The GCC build directory is owned by tester
now and the ownership of the
installed header directory (and its content) will be
incorrect. Change the ownership to root
user and group:
chown -v -R root:root \ /usr/lib/gcc/*linux-gnu/11.2.0/include{,-fixed}
Create a symlink required by the FHS for "historical" reasons.
ln -svr /usr/bin/cpp /usr/lib
Add a compatibility symlink to enable building programs with Link Time Optimization (LTO):
ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/11.2.0/liblto_plugin.so \ /usr/lib/bfd-plugins/
Now that our final toolchain is in place, it is important to again ensure that compiling and linking will work as expected. We do this by performing some sanity checks:
echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &> dummy.log readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'
There should be no errors, and the output of the last command will be (allowing for platform-specific differences in the dynamic linker name):
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files:
grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log
The output of the last command should be:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.2.0/../../../../lib/crt1.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.2.0/../../../../lib/crti.o succeeded
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.2.0/../../../../lib/crtn.o succeeded
Depending on your machine architecture, the above may differ
slightly. The difference will be the name of the directory
after /usr/lib/gcc
. The
important thing to look for here is that gcc has found all three
crt*.o
files under the
/usr/lib
directory.
Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header files:
grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log
This command should return the following output:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.2.0/include
/usr/local/include
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/11.2.0/include-fixed
/usr/include
Again, the directory named after your target triplet may be different than the above, depending on your system architecture.
Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:
grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'
References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu' should be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command should be:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");
A 32-bit system may see a few different directories. For example, here is the output from an i686 machine:
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib32")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");
Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:
grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log
The output of the last command should be:
attempt to open /usr/lib/libc.so.6 succeeded
Make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:
grep found dummy.log
The output of the last command should be (allowing for platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):
found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /usr/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. Any issues will need to be resolved before continuing with the process.
Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:
rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log
Finally, move a misplaced file:
mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
The C++ compiler |
|
The C compiler |
|
The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to expand the #include, #define, and similar statements in the source files |
|
The C++ compiler |
|
The C compiler |
|
A wrapper around ar that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options |
|
A wrapper around nm that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options |
|
A wrapper around ranlib that adds a plugin to the command line. This program is only used to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the default build options |
|
A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze programs to determine where optimizations will have the most effect |
|
Offline gcda and gcno profile dump tool |
|
Offline gcda profile processing tool |
|
Tool for dumping object files produced by GCC with LTO enabled |
|
The Address Sanitizer runtime library |
|
GCC atomic built-in runtime library |
|
The C preprocessing library |
|
Contains run-time support for gcc |
|
This library is linked in to a program when GCC is instructed to enable profiling |
|
GNU implementation of the OpenMP API for multi-platform shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran |
|
The GNU transactional memory library |
|
The Leak Sanitizer runtime library |
|
GCC's LTO plugin allows binutils to process object files produced by GCC with LTO enabled |
|
GCC Quad Precision Math Library API |
|
Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing protection functionality |
|
The standard C++ library |
|
ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 Filesystem library |
|
Provides supporting routines for the C++ programming language |
|
The Thread Sanitizer runtime library |
|
The Undefined Behavior Sanitizer runtime library |
The pkg-config package contains a tool for passing the include path and/or library paths to build tools during the configure and make phases of package installations.
Prepare Pkg-config for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --with-internal-glib \ --disable-host-tool \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/pkg-config-0.29.2
The meaning of the new configure options:
--with-internal-glib
This will allow pkg-config to use its internal version of Glib because an external version is not available in LFS.
--disable-host-tool
This option disables the creation of an undesired hard link to the pkg-config program.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Ncurses package contains libraries for terminal-independent handling of character screens.
Prepare Ncurses for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --mandir=/usr/share/man \ --with-shared \ --without-debug \ --without-normal \ --enable-pc-files \ --enable-widec \ --with-pkg-config-libdir=/usr/lib/pkgconfig
The meaning of the new configure options:
--enable-widec
This switch causes wide-character libraries (e.g.,
libncursesw.so.6.3
) to be
built instead of normal ones (e.g., libncurses.so.6.3
). These
wide-character libraries are usable in both multibyte
and traditional 8-bit locales, while normal libraries
work properly only in 8-bit locales. Wide-character and
normal libraries are source-compatible, but not
binary-compatible.
--enable-pc-files
This switch generates and installs .pc files for pkg-config.
--without-normal
This switch disables building and installing most static libraries.
Compile the package:
make
This package has a test suite, but it can only be run after
the package has been installed. The tests reside in the
test/
directory. See the
README
file in that directory
for further details.
The installation of this package will overwrite libncursesw.so.6.3
in-place. It may crash
the shell process which is using code and data from the
library file. Install the package with DESTDIR
, and replace the library file
correctly using install command. A useless
static archive which is not handled by configure is also removed:
make DESTDIR=$PWD/dest install install -vm755 dest/usr/lib/libncursesw.so.6.3 /usr/lib rm -v dest/usr/lib/{libncursesw.so.6.3,libncurses++w.a} cp -av dest/* /
Many applications still expect the linker to be able to find non-wide-character Ncurses libraries. Trick such applications into linking with wide-character libraries by means of symlinks and linker scripts:
for lib in ncurses form panel menu ; do rm -vf /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so echo "INPUT(-l${lib}w)" > /usr/lib/lib${lib}.so ln -sfv ${lib}w.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc done
Finally, make sure that old applications that look for
-lcurses
at build time are
still buildable:
rm -vf /usr/lib/libcursesw.so echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" > /usr/lib/libcursesw.so ln -sfv libncurses.so /usr/lib/libcurses.so
If desired, install the Ncurses documentation:
mkdir -pv /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.3 cp -v -R doc/* /usr/share/doc/ncurses-6.3
The instructions above don't create non-wide-character Ncurses libraries since no package installed by compiling from sources would link against them at runtime. However, the only known binary-only applications that link against non-wide-character Ncurses libraries require version 5. If you must have such libraries because of some binary-only application or to be compliant with LSB, build the package again with the following commands:
make distclean ./configure --prefix=/usr \ --with-shared \ --without-normal \ --without-debug \ --without-cxx-binding \ --with-abi-version=5 make sources libs cp -av lib/lib*.so.5* /usr/lib
Converts a termcap description into a terminfo description |
|
Clears the screen, if possible |
|
Compares or prints out terminfo descriptions |
|
Converts a terminfo description into a termcap description |
|
Provides configuration information for ncurses |
|
Reinitializes a terminal to its default values |
|
Clears and sets tab stops on a terminal |
|
The terminfo entry-description compiler that translates a terminfo file from source format into the binary format needed for the ncurses library routines [A terminfo file contains information on the capabilities of a certain terminal.] |
|
Lists all available terminal types, giving the primary name and description for each |
|
Makes the values of terminal-dependent capabilities available to the shell; it can also be used to reset or initialize a terminal or report its long name |
|
Can be used to initialize terminals |
|
A link to |
|
Contains functions to display text in many complex ways on a terminal screen; a good example of the use of these functions is the menu displayed during the kernel's make menuconfig |
|
Contains functions to implement forms |
|
Contains functions to implement menus |
|
Contains functions to implement panels |
The Sed package contains a stream editor.
Prepare Sed for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package and generate the HTML documentation:
make make html
To test the results, issue:
chown -Rv tester . su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make check"
Install the package and its documentation:
make install install -d -m755 /usr/share/doc/sed-4.8 install -m644 doc/sed.html /usr/share/doc/sed-4.8
The Psmisc package contains programs for displaying information about running processes.
Prepare Psmisc for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Reports the Process IDs (PIDs) of processes that use the given files or file systems |
|
Kills processes by name; it sends a signal to all processes running any of the given commands |
|
Peek at file descriptors of a running process, given its PID |
|
Prints information about a process |
|
Reports current logs path of a process |
|
Displays running processes as a tree |
|
Same as pstree, except that it waits for confirmation before exiting |
The Gettext package contains utilities for internationalization and localization. These allow programs to be compiled with NLS (Native Language Support), enabling them to output messages in the user's native language.
Prepare Gettext for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gettext-0.21
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (this takes a long time, around 3 SBUs), issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install chmod -v 0755 /usr/lib/preloadable_libintl.so
Copies standard Gettext infrastructure files into a source package |
|
Substitutes environment variables in shell format strings |
|
Translates a natural language message into the user's language by looking up the translation in a message catalog |
|
Primarily serves as a shell function library for gettext |
|
Copies all standard Gettext files into the given top-level directory of a package to begin internationalizing it |
|
Filters the messages of a translation catalog according to their attributes and manipulates the attributes |
|
Concatenates and merges the given |
|
Compares two |
|
Finds the messages that are common to the given
|
|
Converts a translation catalog to a different character encoding |
|
Creates an English translation catalog |
|
Applies a command to all translations of a translation catalog |
|
Applies a filter to all translations of a translation catalog |
|
Generates a binary message catalog from a translation catalog |
|
Extracts all messages of a translation catalog that match a given pattern or belong to some given source files |
|
Creates a new |
|
Combines two raw translations into a single file |
|
Decompiles a binary message catalog into raw translation text |
|
Unifies duplicate translations in a translation catalog |
|
Displays native language translations of a textual message whose grammatical form depends on a number |
|
Recodes Serbian text from Cyrillic to Latin script |
|
Extracts the translatable message lines from the given source files to make the first translation template |
|
defines the autosprintf class, which makes C formatted output routines usable in C++ programs, for use with the <string> strings and the <iostream> streams |
|
a private library containing common routines used by the various Gettext programs; these are not intended for general use |
|
Used to write specialized programs that process
|
|
A private library containing common routines used by the various Gettext programs; these are not intended for general use |
|
Text styling library |
|
A library, intended to be used by LD_PRELOAD that
assists |
The Bison package contains a parser generator.
Prepare Bison for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bison-3.8.2
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (about 5.5 SBU), issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Generates, from a series of rules, a program for analyzing the structure of text files; Bison is a replacement for Yacc (Yet Another Compiler Compiler) |
|
A wrapper for bison, meant for
programs that still call yacc instead of
bison; it calls
bison
with the |
|
The Yacc library containing implementations of
Yacc-compatible |
The Grep package contains programs for searching through the contents of files.
Prepare Grep for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Bash package contains the Bourne-Again SHell.
Prepare Bash for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/bash-5.1.16 \ --without-bash-malloc \ --with-installed-readline
The meaning of the new configure option:
--with-installed-readline
This option tells Bash to use the readline
library that is already
installed on the system rather than using its own
readline version.
Compile the package:
make
Skip down to “Install the package” if not running the test suite.
To prepare the tests, ensure that the tester
user can write to the sources
tree:
chown -Rv tester .
The testsuite of the package is designed to be run as a
non-root user that owns the terminal connected to standard
input. To satisfy the requirement, spawn a new pseudo
terminal using Expect and
run the tests as the tester
user:
su -s /usr/bin/expect tester << EOF set timeout -1 spawn make tests expect eof lassign [wait] _ _ _ value exit $value EOF
Install the package:
make install
Run the newly compiled bash program (replacing the one that is currently being executed):
exec /usr/bin/bash --login
A widely-used command interpreter; it performs many types of expansions and substitutions on a given command line before executing it, thus making this interpreter a powerful tool |
|
A shell script to help the user compose and mail standard formatted bug reports concerning bash |
|
A symlink to the bash program; when invoked as sh, bash tries to mimic the startup behavior of historical versions of sh as closely as possible, while conforming to the POSIX standard as well |
The Libtool package contains the GNU generic library support script. It wraps the complexity of using shared libraries in a consistent, portable interface.
Prepare Libtool for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
The test time for libtool can be reduced significantly on a system with multiple cores. To do this, append TESTSUITEFLAGS=-j<N> to the line above. For instance, using -j4 can reduce the test time by over 60 percent.
Five tests are known to fail in the LFS build environment due to a circular dependency, but all tests pass if rechecked after automake is installed.
Install the package:
make install
Remove a useless static library:
rm -fv /usr/lib/libltdl.a
The GDBM package contains the GNU Database Manager. It is a library of database functions that use extensible hashing and works similar to the standard UNIX dbm. The library provides primitives for storing key/data pairs, searching and retrieving the data by its key and deleting a key along with its data.
Prepare GDBM for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --enable-libgdbm-compat
The meaning of the configure option:
--enable-libgdbm-compat
This switch enables building the libgdbm compatibility library. Some packages outside of LFS may require the older DBM routines it provides.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Gperf generates a perfect hash function from a key set.
Prepare Gperf for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/gperf-3.1
Compile the package:
make
The tests are known to fail if running multiple simultaneous tests (-j option greater than 1). To test the results, issue:
make -j1 check
Install the package:
make install
The Expat package contains a stream oriented C library for parsing XML.
Prepare Expat for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/expat-2.4.6
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
If desired, install the documentation:
install -v -m644 doc/*.{html,css} /usr/share/doc/expat-2.4.6
The Inetutils package contains programs for basic networking.
Prepare Inetutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/usr/bin \ --localstatedir=/var \ --disable-logger \ --disable-whois \ --disable-rcp \ --disable-rexec \ --disable-rlogin \ --disable-rsh \ --disable-servers
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-logger
This option prevents Inetutils from installing the logger program, which is used by scripts to pass messages to the System Log Daemon. Do not install it because Util-linux installs a more recent version.
--disable-whois
This option disables the building of the Inetutils whois client, which is out of date. Instructions for a better whois client are in the BLFS book.
--disable-r*
These parameters disable building obsolete programs that should not be used due to security issues. The functions provided by these programs can be provided by the openssh package in the BLFS book.
--disable-servers
This disables the installation of the various network servers included as part of the Inetutils package. These servers are deemed not appropriate in a basic LFS system. Some are insecure by nature and are only considered safe on trusted networks. Note that better replacements are available for many of these servers.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Move a program to the proper location:
mv -v /usr/{,s}bin/ifconfig
Show the system's DNS domain name |
|
Is the file transfer protocol program |
|
Reports or sets the name of the host |
|
Manages network interfaces |
|
Sends echo-request packets and reports how long the replies take |
|
A version of ping for IPv6 networks |
|
Is used to chat with another user |
|
An interface to the TELNET protocol |
|
A trivial file transfer program |
|
Traces the route your packets take from the host you are working on to another host on a network, showing all the intermediate hops (gateways) along the way |
The Less package contains a text file viewer.
Prepare Less for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc
The meaning of the configure options:
--sysconfdir=/etc
This option tells the programs created by the package
to look in /etc
for the
configuration files.
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
The Perl package contains the Practical Extraction and Report Language.
First, apply a patch that fixes an issue highlighted by recent versions of gdbm:
patch -Np1 -i ../perl-5.34.0-upstream_fixes-1.patch
This version of Perl now builds the Compress::Raw::Zlib and Compress::Raw::BZip2 modules. By default Perl will use an internal copy of the sources for the build. Issue the following command so that Perl will use the libraries installed on the system:
export BUILD_ZLIB=False export BUILD_BZIP2=0
To have full control over the way Perl is set up, you can remove the “-des” options from the following command and hand-pick the way this package is built. Alternatively, use the command exactly as below to use the defaults that Perl auto-detects:
sh Configure -des \ -Dprefix=/usr \ -Dvendorprefix=/usr \ -Dprivlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/core_perl \ -Darchlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/core_perl \ -Dsitelib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/site_perl \ -Dsitearch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/site_perl \ -Dvendorlib=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/vendor_perl \ -Dvendorarch=/usr/lib/perl5/5.34/vendor_perl \ -Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1 \ -Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3 \ -Dpager="/usr/bin/less -isR" \ -Duseshrplib \ -Dusethreads
The meaning of the configure options:
-Dvendorprefix=/usr
This ensures perl knows how to tell packages where they should install their perl modules.
-Dpager="/usr/bin/less
-isR"
This ensures that less
is used instead
of more
.
-Dman1dir=/usr/share/man/man1
-Dman3dir=/usr/share/man/man3
Since Groff is not installed yet, Configure thinks that we do not want man pages for Perl. Issuing these parameters overrides this decision.
-Duseshrplib
Build a shared libperl needed by some perl modules.
-Dusethreads
Build perl with support for threads.
-Dprivlib,-Darchlib,-Dsitelib,...
These settings define where Perl is looking for installed modules. The LFS editors chose to put them in a directory structure based on the Major.Minor version of Perl (5.34) which allows upgrading Perl to newer Patch levels (5.34.0) without the need to reinstall all of the modules again.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results (approximately 11 SBU), issue:
make test
Install the package and clean up:
make install unset BUILD_ZLIB BUILD_BZIP2
A commandline frontend to Module::CoreList |
|
Interact with the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN) from the command line |
|
Builds a Perl extension for the Encode module from either Unicode Character Mappings or Tcl Encoding Files |
|
Guess the encoding type of one or several files |
|
Converts |
|
Converts |
|
Shell script for examining installed Perl modules, and can create a tarball from an installed module |
|
Converts data between certain input and output formats |
|
Can be used to configure the |
|
Combines some of the best features of C, sed, awk and sh into a single swiss-army language |
|
A hard link to perl |
|
Used to generate bug reports about Perl, or the modules that come with it, and mail them |
|
Displays a piece of documentation in pod format that is embedded in the Perl installation tree or in a Perl script |
|
The Perl Installation Verification Procedure; it can be used to verify that Perl and its libraries have been installed correctly |
|
Used to generate thank you messages to mail to the Perl developers |
|
A Perl version of the character encoding converter iconv |
|
A rough tool for converting Perl4 |
|
Converts files from pod format to HTML format |
|
Converts pod data to formatted *roff input |
|
Converts pod data to formatted ASCII text |
|
Prints usage messages from embedded pod docs in files |
|
Checks the syntax of pod format documentation files |
|
Displays selected sections of pod documentation |
|
Command line tool for running tests against the Test::Harness module |
|
A tar-like program written in Perl |
|
A Perl program that compares an extracted archive with an unextracted one |
|
A Perl program that applies pattern matching to the contents of files in a tar archive |
|
Prints or checks SHA checksums |
|
Is used to force verbose warning diagnostics in Perl |
|
Converts Perl XS code into C code |
|
Displays details about the internal structure of a Zip file |
The XML::Parser module is a Perl interface to James Clark's XML parser, Expat.
Prepare XML::Parser for compilation:
perl Makefile.PL
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make test
Install the package:
make install
The Intltool is an internationalization tool used for extracting translatable strings from source files.
First fix a warning that is caused by perl-5.22 and later:
sed -i 's:\\\${:\\\$\\{:' intltool-update.in
The above regular expression looks unusual because of all the backslashes. What it does is add a backslash before the right brace character in the sequence '\${' resulting in '\$\{'.
Prepare Intltool for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install install -v -Dm644 doc/I18N-HOWTO /usr/share/doc/intltool-0.51.0/I18N-HOWTO
The Autoconf package contains programs for producing shell scripts that can automatically configure source code.
Prepare Autoconf for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
The test time for autoconf can be reduced significantly on a system with multiple cores. To do this, append TESTSUITEFLAGS=-j<N> to the line above. For instance, using -j4 can reduce the test time by over 60 percent.
Install the package:
make install
Produces shell scripts that automatically configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of Unix-like systems; the configuration scripts it produces are independent—running them does not require the autoconf program |
|
A tool for creating template files of C #define statements for configure to use |
|
A wrapper for the M4 macro processor |
|
Automatically runs autoconf, autoheader, aclocal, automake, gettextize, and libtoolize in the correct order to save time when changes are made to autoconf and automake template files |
|
Helps to create a |
|
Modifies a |
|
Helps when writing |
The Automake package contains programs for generating Makefiles for use with Autoconf.
Prepare Automake for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --docdir=/usr/share/doc/automake-1.16.5
Compile the package:
make
Using the -j4 make option speeds up the tests, even on systems with only one processor, due to internal delays in individual tests. To test the results, issue:
make -j4 check
The test t/subobj.sh is known to fail.
Install the package:
make install
Generates |
|
A hard link to aclocal |
|
A tool for automatically generating |
|
A hard link to automake |
The OpenSSL package contains management tools and libraries relating to cryptography. These are useful for providing cryptographic functions to other packages, such as OpenSSH, email applications, and web browsers (for accessing HTTPS sites).
Prepare OpenSSL for compilation:
./config --prefix=/usr \ --openssldir=/etc/ssl \ --libdir=lib \ shared \ zlib-dynamic
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make test
One test, 30-test_afalg.t, is known to fail on some kernel configurations (depending on inconsistent values of CONFIG_CRYPTO_USER_API* settings.) If it fails, it can safely be ignored.
Install the package:
sed -i '/INSTALL_LIBS/s/libcrypto.a libssl.a//' Makefile make MANSUFFIX=ssl install
Add the version to the documentation directory name, to be consistent with other packages:
mv -v /usr/share/doc/openssl /usr/share/doc/openssl-3.0.1
If desired, install some additional documentation:
cp -vfr doc/* /usr/share/doc/openssl-3.0.1
You should update OpenSSL when a new version which fixes
vulnerabilities is announced. The releases run in series,
with a letter for each release after the initial release
(e.g. 1.1.1, 1.1.1a, 1.1.1b, etc). Because LFS installs
only the shared libraries, there is no need to recompile
packages which link to libcrypto.so
or libssl.so
when
upgrading in the same series.
However, any running programs linked to those libraries need to be stopped and restarted. Read the related entries in Section 8.2.1, “Upgrade Issues” for details.
is a Perl script that scans all files in a directory and adds symbolic links to their hash values |
|
is a command-line tool for using the various cryptography functions of OpenSSL's crypto library from the shell. It can be used for various functions which are documented in man 1 openssl |
|
implements a wide range of cryptographic algorithms used in various Internet standards. The services provided by this library are used by the OpenSSL implementations of SSL, TLS and S/MIME, and they have also been used to implement OpenSSH, OpenPGP, and other cryptographic standards |
|
implements the Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) protocol. It provides a rich API, documentation on which can be found by running man 3 ssl |
The Kmod package contains libraries and utilities for loading kernel modules
Prepare Kmod for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --with-openssl \ --with-xz \ --with-zstd \ --with-zlib
The meaning of the configure options:
--with-openssl
This option enables Kmod to handle PKCS7 signatures for kernel modules.
--with-xz
, --with-zlib
, and --with-zstd
These options enable Kmod to handle compressed kernel modules.
Compile the package:
make
The test suite of this package requires raw kernel headers (not the “sanitized” kernel headers installed earlier), which are beyond the scope of LFS.
Install the package and create symlinks for compatibility with Module-Init-Tools (the package that previously handled Linux kernel modules):
make install for target in depmod insmod modinfo modprobe rmmod; do ln -sfv ../bin/kmod /usr/sbin/$target done ln -sfv kmod /usr/bin/lsmod
Creates a dependency file based on the symbols it finds in the existing set of modules; this dependency file is used by modprobe to automatically load the required modules |
|
Installs a loadable module in the running kernel |
|
Loads and unloads kernel modules |
|
Lists currently loaded modules |
|
Examines an object file associated with a kernel module and displays any information that it can glean |
|
Uses a dependency file, created by depmod, to automatically load relevant modules |
|
Unloads modules from the running kernel |
|
This library is used by other programs to load and unload kernel modules |
Libelf is a library for handling ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) files.
Libelf is part of elfutils-0.186 package. Use the elfutils-0.186.tar.bz2 as the source tarball.
Prepare Libelf for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-debuginfod \ --enable-libdebuginfod=dummy
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install only Libelf:
make -C libelf install install -vm644 config/libelf.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig rm /usr/lib/libelf.a
The Libffi library provides a portable, high level programming interface to various calling conventions. This allows a programmer to call any function specified by a call interface description at run time.
Similar to GMP, libffi builds with optimizations specific to the proccesor in use. If building for another system, export CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS to specify a generic build for your architecture. If this is not done, all applications that link to libffi will trigger Illegal Operation Errors.
Prepare libffi for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --disable-static \ --with-gcc-arch=native \ --disable-exec-static-tramp
The meaning of the configure option:
--with-gcc-arch=native
Ensure GCC optimizes for the current system. If this is not specified, the system is guessed and the code generated may not be correct for some systems. If the generated code will be copied from the native system to a less capable system, use the less capable system as a parameter. For details about alternative system types, see the x86 options in the GCC manual.
--disable-exec-static-tramp
Disable static trampoline support. It's a new security feature in libffi, but some BLFS packages (notably GJS and gobject-introspection) have not been adapted for it.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Python 3 package contains the Python development environment. It is useful for object-oriented programming, writing scripts, prototyping large programs, or developing entire applications.
Prepare Python for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --enable-shared \ --with-system-expat \ --with-system-ffi \ --with-ensurepip=yes \ --enable-optimizations
The meaning of the configure options:
--with-system-expat
This switch enables linking against system version of Expat.
--with-system-ffi
This switch enables linking against system version of libffi.
--with-ensurepip=yes
This switch enables building pip and setuptools packaging programs.
--enable-optimizations
This switch enables stable, but expensive, optimizations.
Compile the package:
make
Running the tests at this point is not recommended. The tests are known to hang indefinitely in the partial LFS environment. If desired, the tests can be rerun at the end of this chapter or when Python 3 is reinstalled in BLFS. To run the tests anyway, issue make test.
Install the package:
make install
If desired, install the preformatted documentation:
install -v -dm755 /usr/share/doc/python-3.10.2/html tar --strip-components=1 \ --no-same-owner \ --no-same-permissions \ -C /usr/share/doc/python-3.10.2/html \ -xvf ../python-3.10.2-docs-html.tar.bz2
The meaning of the documentation install commands:
--no-same-owner
and --no-same-permissions
Ensure the installed files have the correct ownership and permissions. Without these options, using tar will install the package files with the upstream creator's values.
is a Python program that reads Python 2.x source code and applies a series of fixes to transform it into valid Python 3.x code |
|
is a wrapper script that opens a Python aware GUI editor. For this script to run, you must have installed Tk before Python so that the Tkinter Python module is built |
|
The package installer for Python. You can use pip to install packages from Python Package Index and other indexes |
|
is the Python documentation tool |
|
is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language |
Ninja is a small build system with a focus on speed.
This section is not strictly required for LFS if not using systemd. On the other hand, ninja associated to meson makes a powerful build system combination, which is expected to be used more and more often. It is required for several packages in the BLFS book.
When run, ninja normally runs a maximum number of processes in parallel. By default this is the number of cores on the system plus two. In some cases this can overheat a CPU or run a system out of memory. If run from the command line, passing a -jN parameter will limit the number of parallel processes, but some packages embed the execution of ninja and do not pass a -j parameter.
Using the optional procedure below allows a user to limit the number of parallel processes via an environment variable, NINJAJOBS. For example, setting:
export NINJAJOBS=4
will limit ninja to four parallel processes.
If desired, add the capability to use the environment variable NINJAJOBS by running:
sed -i '/int Guess/a \ int j = 0;\ char* jobs = getenv( "NINJAJOBS" );\ if ( jobs != NULL ) j = atoi( jobs );\ if ( j > 0 ) return j;\ ' src/ninja.cc
Build Ninja with:
python3 configure.py --bootstrap
The meaning of the build option:
--bootstrap
This parameter forces ninja to rebuild itself for the current system.
To test the results, issue:
./ninja ninja_test ./ninja_test --gtest_filter=-SubprocessTest.SetWithLots
Install the package:
install -vm755 ninja /usr/bin/ install -vDm644 misc/bash-completion /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ninja install -vDm644 misc/zsh-completion /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_ninja
Meson is an open source build system meant to be both extremely fast and as user friendly as possible.
This section is not strictly required for LFS if not using systemd. On the other hand, meson/ninja is a powerful build system, which is expected to be used more and more often. It is required for several packages in the BLFS book.
Compile Meson with the following command:
python3 setup.py build
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
python3 setup.py install --root=dest cp -rv dest/* / install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/bash/meson /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/meson install -vDm644 data/shell-completions/zsh/_meson /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_meson
The meaning of the install parameters:
--root=dest
By default python3 setup.py install installs various files (such as man pages) into Python Eggs. With a specified root location, setup.py installs these files into a standard hierarchy. Then the hierarchy can just be copied to the standard location.
The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the basic system characteristics.
POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs.
patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-9.0-i18n-1.patch
In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible without this patch.
Now, fix a problem with chmod return values:
patch -Np1 -i ../coreutils-9.0-chmod_fix-1.patch
Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:
autoreconf -fiv FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 ./configure \ --prefix=/usr \ --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
The meaning of the configure options:
The patch for internationalization has modified the building system of the package, so the configuration files have to be regenerated.
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1
This environment variable allows the package to be
built as the root
user.
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime
The purpose of this switch is to prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by other packages later.
Compile the package:
make
Skip down to “Install the package” if not running the test suite.
Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests
that are meant to be run as user root
:
make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=tester check-root
We're going to run the remainder of the tests as the
tester
user. Certain tests
require that the user be a member of more than one group. So
that these tests are not skipped, add a temporary group and
make the user tester
a part
of it:
echo "dummy:x:102:tester" >> /etc/group
Fix some of the permissions so that the non-root user can compile and run the tests:
chown -Rv tester .
Now run the tests:
su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"
The test-getlogin test is known to fail in the LFS chroot environment.
Remove the temporary group:
sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/group
Install the package:
make install
Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:
mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin mv -v /usr/share/man/man1/chroot.1 /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8 sed -i 's/"1"/"8"/' /usr/share/man/man8/chroot.8
Is an actual command, /usr/bin/[, that is a synonym for the test command |
|
Encodes and decodes data according to the base32 specification (RFC 4648) |
|
Encodes and decodes data according to the base64 specification (RFC 4648) |
|
Prints or checks BLAKE2 (512-bit) checksums |
|
Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name |
|
Encodes or decodes data using various algorithms |
|
Concatenates files to standard output |
|
Changes security context for files and directories |
|
Changes the group ownership of files and directories |
|
Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an octal number representing the new permissions |
|
Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and directories |
|
Runs a command with the specified directory as the
|
|
Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte counts of each specified file |
|
Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines that are unique and the lines that are common |
|
Copies files |
|
Splits a given file into several new files, separating them according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte count of each new file |
|
Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given fields or positions |
|
Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the system date |
|
Copies a file using the given block size and count, while optionally performing conversions on it |
|
Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected files |
|
Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as the ls command) |
|
Outputs commands to set the |
|
Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name |
|
Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory, by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by each of the given files |
|
Displays the given strings |
|
Runs a command in a modified environment |
|
Converts tabs to spaces |
|
Evaluates expressions |
|
Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers |
|
Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code indicating failure |
|
Reformats the paragraphs in the given files |
|
Wraps the lines in the given files |
|
Reports a user's group memberships |
|
Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file |
|
Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host |
|
Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group memberships of the current user or specified user |
|
Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group |
|
Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two separate files |
|
Creates a hard link with the given name to a file |
|
Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files |
|
Reports the current user's login name |
|
Lists the contents of each given directory |
|
Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums |
|
Creates directories with the given names |
|
Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a "named pipe" in UNIX parlance, with the given names |
|
Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO |
|
Creates temporary files in a secure manner; it is used in scripts |
|
Moves or renames files or directories |
|
Runs a program with modified scheduling priority |
|
Numbers the lines from the given files |
|
Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to a log file |
|
Prints the number of processing units available to a process |
|
Converts numbers to or from human-readable strings |
|
Dumps files in octal and other formats |
|
Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines side by side, separated by tab characters |
|
Checks if file names are valid or portable |
|
Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information about the given users |
|
Paginates and columnates files for printing |
|
Prints the environment |
|
Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much like the C printf function |
|
Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files, with each keyword in its context |
|
Reports the name of the current working directory |
|
Reports the value of the given symbolic link |
|
Prints the resolved path |
|
Removes files or directories |
|
Removes directories if they are empty |
|
Runs a command with specified security context |
|
Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a given increment |
|
Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) checksums |
|
Prints or checks 224-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums |
|
Prints or checks 256-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums |
|
Prints or checks 384-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums |
|
Prints or checks 512-bit Secure Hash Algorithm checksums |
|
Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns, making it difficult to recover the data |
|
Shuffles lines of text |
|
Pauses for the given amount of time |
|
Sorts the lines from the given files |
|
Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of lines |
|
Displays file or filesystem status |
|
Runs commands with altered buffering operations for its standard streams |
|
Sets or reports terminal line settings |
|
Prints checksum and block counts for each given file |
|
Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk and updates the super block |
|
Concatenates the given files in reverse |
|
Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file |
|
Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output and to the given files |
|
Compares values and checks file types |
|
Runs a command with a time limit |
|
Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist are created with zero length |
|
Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from standard input |
|
Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code indicating success |
|
Shrinks or expands a file to the specified size |
|
Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list according to the partial ordering in a given file |
|
Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard input |
|
Reports system information |
|
Converts spaces to tabs |
|
Discards all but one of successive identical lines |
|
Removes the given file |
|
Reports the names of the users currently logged on |
|
Is the same as ls -l |
|
Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given |
|
Reports who is logged on |
|
Reports the user name associated with the current effective user ID |
|
Repeatedly outputs “y” or a given string until killed |
|
Library used by stdbuf |
Check is a unit testing framework for C.
Prepare Check for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-static
Build the package:
make
Compilation is now complete. To run the Check test suite, issue the following command:
make check
Install the package:
make docdir=/usr/share/doc/check-0.15.2 install
The Diffutils package contains programs that show the differences between files or directories.
Prepare Diffutils for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Gawk package contains programs for manipulating text files.
First, ensure some unneeded files are not installed:
sed -i 's/extras//' Makefile.in
Prepare Gawk for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
If desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -pv /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.1.1 cp -v doc/{awkforai.txt,*.{eps,pdf,jpg}} /usr/share/doc/gawk-5.1.1
The Findutils package contains programs to find files. These programs are provided to recursively search through a directory tree and to create, maintain, and search a database (often faster than the recursive find, but is unreliable if the database has not been recently updated).
Prepare Findutils for compilation:
case $(uname -m) in i?86) TIME_T_32_BIT_OK=yes ./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate ;; x86_64) ./configure --prefix=/usr --localstatedir=/var/lib/locate ;; esac
The meaning of the configure options:
This setting is needed for building on a 32 bit system.
--localstatedir
This option changes the location of the locate database to be
in /var/lib/locate
, which
is FHS-compliant.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
chown -Rv tester . su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make check"
Install the package:
make install
Searches given directory trees for files matching the specified criteria |
|
Searches through a database of file names and reports the names that contain a given string or match a given pattern |
|
Updates the locate database; it scans the entire file system (including other file systems that are currently mounted, unless told not to) and puts every file name it finds into the database |
|
Can be used to apply a given command to a list of files |
The Groff package contains programs for processing and formatting text.
Groff expects the environment variable PAGE
to contain the default paper size. For
users in the United States, PAGE=letter
is appropriate.
Elsewhere, PAGE=A4
may be more suitable. While the default paper size is
configured during compilation, it can be overridden later by
echoing either “A4” or “letter” to the /etc/papersize
file.
Prepare Groff for compilation:
PAGE=<paper_size>
./configure --prefix=/usr
This package does not support parallel build. Compile the package:
make -j1
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Reads a troff font file and adds some additional font-metric information that is used by the groff system |
|
Creates a font file for use with groff and grops |
|
Groff preprocessor for producing chemical structure diagrams |
|
Compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by troff |
|
Converts a troff EQN (equation) into a cropped image |
|
Marks differences between groff/nroff/troff files |
|
Transforms sheet music written in the lilypond language into the groff language |
|
Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of perl code into groff files |
|
Preprocesor for groff, allowing addition of Chinese European-like language Pinyin into groff files. |
|
Converts a grap diagram into a cropped bitmap image |
|
A groff preprocessor for gremlin files |
|
A driver for groff that produces TeX dvi format |
|
A front-end to the groff document formatting system; normally, it runs the troff program and a post-processor appropriate for the selected device |
|
Displays groff files and man pages on X and tty terminals |
|
Reads files and guesses which of the groff options
|
|
Is a groff driver for Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser printers) |
|
Is a driver for groff that produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP LaserJet 4 printer |
|
Translates the output of GNU troff to PDF |
|
Translates the output of GNU troff to PostScript |
|
Translates the output of GNU troff into a form suitable for typewriter-like devices |
|
Creates a font file for use with groff -Tlj4 from an HP-tagged font metric file |
|
Creates an inverted index for the bibliographic databases with a specified file for use with refer, lookbib, and lkbib |
|
Searches bibliographic databases for references that contain specified keys and reports any references found |
|
Prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the standard input is not a terminal), reads a line containing a set of keywords from the standard input, searches the bibliographic databases in a specified file for references containing those keywords, prints any references found on the standard output, and repeats this process until the end of input |
|
A simple preprocessor for groff |
|
Formats equations for American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) output |
|
A script that emulates the nroff command using groff |
|
Is a wrapper around groff that facilitates the production of PDF documents from files formatted with the mom macros. |
|
Creates pdf documents using groff |
|
Translates a PostScript font in |
|
Compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within troff or TeX input files into commands understood by TeX or troff |
|
Converts a PIC diagram into a cropped image |
|
Translates the output of GNU troff to HTML |
|
Converts encoding of input files to something GNU troff understands |
|
Translates the output of GNU troff to HTML |
|
Copies the contents of a file to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .] are interpreted as citations, and lines between .R1 and .R2 are interpreted as commands for how citations are to be processed |
|
Transforms roff files into DVI format |
|
Transforms roff files into HTML format |
|
Transforms roff files into PDFs |
|
Transforms roff files into ps files |
|
Transforms roff files into text files |
|
Transforms roff files into other formats |
|
Reads files and replaces lines of the form .so file by the contents of the mentioned file |
|
Compiles descriptions of tables embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by troff |
|
Creates a font file for use with groff -Tdvi |
|
Is highly compatible with Unix troff; it should usually be invoked using the groff command, which will also run preprocessors and post-processors in the appropriate order and with the appropriate options |
The GRUB package contains the GRand Unified Bootloader.
If your system has UEFI support and you wish to boot LFS with UEFI, you can skip this package in LFS, and install GRUB with UEFI support (and its dependencies) following the BLFS page at the end of this chapter.
Prepare GRUB for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --disable-efiemu \ --disable-werror
The meaning of the new configure options:
--disable-werror
This allows the build to complete with warnings introduced by more recent Flex versions.
--disable-efiemu
This option minimizes what is built by disabling a feature and testing programs not needed for LFS.
Compile the package:
make
The test suite for this packages is not recommended. Most of the tests depend on packages that are not available in the limited LFS environment. To run the tests anyway, run make check.
Install the package:
make install mv -v /etc/bash_completion.d/grub /usr/share/bash-completion/completions
Using GRUB to make your LFS system bootable will be discussed in Section 10.4, “Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process”.
Is a helper program for grub-install |
|
A tool to edit the environment block |
|
Checks if FILE is of the specified type. |
|
Tool to debug the filesystem driver |
|
Processes ia32 and amd64 EFI images and glues them according to Apple format. |
|
Install GRUB on your drive |
|
Script that converts an xkb layout into one recognized by GRUB |
|
Mac-style bless on HFS or HFS+ files |
|
Converts a GRUB Legacy |
|
Generate a grub config file |
|
Make a bootable image of GRUB |
|
Generates a GRUB keyboard layout file |
|
Prepares a GRUB netboot directory |
|
Generates an encrypted PBKDF2 password for use in the boot menu |
|
Makes a system pathname relative to its root |
|
Make a bootable image of GRUB suitable for a floppy disk or CDROM/DVD |
|
Generates a standalone image |
|
Is a helper program that prints the path of a GRUB device |
|
Probe device information for a given path or device |
|
Sets the default boot entry for GRUB for the next boot only |
|
Render Apple .disk_label for Apple Macs |
|
Checks GRUB configuration script for syntax errors |
|
Sets the default boot entry for GRUB |
|
Is a helper program for grub-setup |
|
Transform a syslinux config file into grub.cfg format |
The Gzip package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files.
Prepare Gzip for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Decompresses gzipped files |
|
Creates self-decompressing executable files |
|
Compresses the given files using Lempel-Ziv (LZ77) coding |
|
Decompresses compressed files |
|
Decompresses the given gzipped files to standard output |
|
Runs cmp on gzipped files |
|
Runs diff on gzipped files |
|
Runs egrep on gzipped files |
|
Runs fgrep on gzipped files |
|
Forces a |
|
Runs grep on gzipped files |
|
Runs less on gzipped files |
|
Runs more on gzipped files |
|
Re-compresses files from compress format
to gzip
format— |
The IPRoute2 package contains programs for basic and advanced IPV4-based networking.
The arpd program included in this package will not be built since it is dependent on Berkeley DB, which is not installed in LFS. However, a directory for arpd and a man page will still be installed. Prevent this by running the commands below. If the arpd binary is needed, instructions for compiling Berkeley DB can be found in the BLFS Book at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/server/db.html.
sed -i /ARPD/d Makefile rm -fv man/man8/arpd.8
Compile the package:
make
This package does not have a working test suite.
Install the package:
make SBINDIR=/usr/sbin install
If desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -pv /usr/share/doc/iproute2-5.16.0 cp -v COPYING README* /usr/share/doc/iproute2-5.16.0
Configures network bridges |
|
Connection status utility |
|
Generic netlink utility frontend |
|
A shell script wrapper for the ip command [Note that it requires the arping and rdisk programs from the iputils package found at http://www.skbuff.net/iputils/.] |
|
Shows the interface statistics, including the amount of transmitted and received packets by interface |
|
The main executable. It has several different functions:
ip link ip addr allows users to look at addresses and their properties, add new addresses, and delete old ones ip neighbor allows users to look at neighbor bindings and their properties, add new neighbor entries, and delete old ones ip rule allows users to look at the routing policies and change them ip route allows users to look at the routing table and change routing table rules ip tunnel allows users to look at the IP tunnels and their properties, and change them ip maddr allows users to look at the multicast addresses and their properties, and change them ip mroute allows users to set, change, or delete the multicast routing ip monitor allows users to continuously monitor the state of devices, addresses and routes |
|
Provides Linux network statistics; it is a generalized and more feature-complete replacement for the old rtstat program |
|
Shows network statistics |
|
A component of ip route. This is for flushing the routing tables |
|
A component of ip route. This is for listing the routing tables |
|
Displays the contents of |
|
Route monitoring utility |
|
Converts the output of ip -o back into a readable form |
|
Route status utility |
|
Similar to the netstat command; shows active connections |
|
Traffic Controlling Executable; this is for Quality Of Service (QOS) and Class Of Service (COS) implementations tc qdisc allows users to setup the queueing discipline tc class allows users to setup classes based on the queuing discipline scheduling tc estimator allows users to estimate the network flow into a network tc filter allows users to setup the QOS/COS packet filtering tc policy allows users to setup the QOS/COS policies |
The Kbd package contains key-table files, console fonts, and keyboard utilities.
The behaviour of the backspace and delete keys is not consistent across the keymaps in the Kbd package. The following patch fixes this issue for i386 keymaps:
patch -Np1 -i ../kbd-2.4.0-backspace-1.patch
After patching, the backspace key generates the character with code 127, and the delete key generates a well-known escape sequence.
Remove the redundant resizecons program (it requires the defunct svgalib to provide the video mode files - for normal use setfont sizes the console appropriately) together with its manpage.
sed -i '/RESIZECONS_PROGS=/s/yes/no/' configure sed -i 's/resizecons.8 //' docs/man/man8/Makefile.in
Prepare Kbd for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr --disable-vlock
The meaning of the configure option:
--disable-vlock
This option prevents the vlock utility from being built because it requires the PAM library, which isn't available in the chroot environment.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
For some languages (e.g., Belarusian) the Kbd package doesn't provide a useful keymap where the stock “by” keymap assumes the ISO-8859-5 encoding, and the CP1251 keymap is normally used. Users of such languages have to download working keymaps separately.
If desired, install the documentation:
mkdir -pv /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.4.0 cp -R -v docs/doc/* /usr/share/doc/kbd-2.4.0
Changes the foreground virtual terminal |
|
Deallocates unused virtual terminals |
|
Dumps the keyboard translation tables |
|
Prints the number of the active virtual terminal |
|
Prints the kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table |
|
Obtains information about the status of a console |
|
Reports or sets the keyboard mode |
|
Sets the keyboard repeat and delay rates |
|
Loads the keyboard translation tables |
|
Loads the kernel unicode-to-font mapping table |
|
An obsolete program that used to load a user-defined output character mapping table into the console driver; this is now done by setfont |
|
Starts a program on a new virtual terminal (VT) |
|
Adds a Unicode character table to a console font |
|
Extracts the embedded Unicode character table from a console font |
|
Removes the embedded Unicode character table from a console font |
|
Handles Unicode character tables for console fonts |
|
Changes the Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) and Video Graphics Array (VGA) fonts on the console |
|
Loads kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table entries; this is useful if there are unusual keys on the keyboard |
|
Sets the keyboard flags and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) |
|
Defines the keyboard meta-key handling |
|
Sets the console color map in all virtual terminals |
|
Shows the current EGA/VGA console screen font |
|
Reports the scancodes, keycodes, and ASCII codes of the keys pressed on the keyboard |
|
Puts the keyboard and console in UNICODE mode [Don't use this program unless your keymap file is in the ISO-8859-1 encoding. For other encodings, this utility produces incorrect results.] |
|
Reverts keyboard and console from UNICODE mode |
The Libpipeline package contains a library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
Prepare Libpipeline for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Make package contains a program for controlling the generation of executables and other non-source files of a package from source files.
Prepare Make for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Patch package contains a program for modifying or creating files by applying a “patch” file typically created by the diff program.
Prepare Patch for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The Tar package provides the ability to create tar archives as well as perform various other kinds of archive manipulation. Tar can be used on previously created archives to extract files, to store additional files, or to update or list files which were already stored.
Prepare Tar for compilation:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1 \ ./configure --prefix=/usr
The meaning of the configure option:
FORCE_UNSAFE_CONFIGURE=1
This forces the test for mknod
to be run as root
. It is generally considered
dangerous to run this test as the root
user, but as it is being run
on a system that has only been partially built,
overriding it is OK.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
One test, capabilities: binary store/restore, is known to fail if it is run (LFS lacks selinux), but will be skipped if the host kernel does not support extended attributes on the filesystem used for building LFS.
Install the package:
make install make -C doc install-html docdir=/usr/share/doc/tar-1.34
The Texinfo package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages.
Prepare Texinfo for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Again, fix an issue building the package with Glibc-2.34 or later:
sed -e 's/__attribute_nonnull__/__nonnull/' \ -i gnulib/lib/malloc/dynarray-skeleton.c
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Optionally, install the components belonging in a TeX installation:
make TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf install-tex
The meaning of the make parameter:
TEXMF=/usr/share/texmf
The TEXMF
makefile variable
holds the location of the root of the TeX tree if, for
example, a TeX package will be installed later.
The Info documentation system uses a plain text file to hold
its list of menu entries. The file is located at /usr/share/info/dir
. Unfortunately, due to
occasional problems in the Makefiles of various packages, it
can sometimes get out of sync with the info pages installed
on the system. If the /usr/share/info/dir
file ever needs to be
recreated, the following optional commands will accomplish
the task:
pushd /usr/share/info rm -v dir for f in * do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null done popd
Used to read info pages which are similar to man pages, but often go much deeper than just explaining all the available command line options [For example, compare man bison and info bison.] |
|
Used to install info pages; it updates entries in the info index file |
|
Translates the given Texinfo source documents into info pages, plain text, or HTML |
|
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a Portable Document Format (PDF) file |
|
Converts Pod to Texinfo format |
|
Translate Texinfo source documentation to various other formats |
|
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a device-independent file that can be printed |
|
Used to format the given Texinfo document into a Portable Document Format (PDF) file |
|
Used to sort Texinfo index files |
The Vim package contains a powerful text editor.
If you prefer another editor—such as Emacs, Joe, or Nano—please refer to https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/postlfs/editors.html for suggested installation instructions.
First, change the default location of the vimrc
configuration file to /etc
:
echo '#define SYS_VIMRC_FILE "/etc/vimrc"' >> src/feature.h
Prepare vim for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr
Compile the package:
make
To prepare the tests, ensure that user tester
can write to the source tree:
chown -Rv tester .
Now run the tests as user tester
:
su tester -c "LANG=en_US.UTF-8 make -j1 test" &> vim-test.log
The test suite outputs a lot of binary data to the screen. This can cause issues with the settings of the current terminal. The problem can be avoided by redirecting the output to a log file as shown above. A successful test will result in the words "ALL DONE" in the log file at completion.
Install the package:
make install
Many users are used to using vi instead of vim. To allow execution of vim when users habitually enter vi, create a symlink for both the binary and the man page in the provided languages:
ln -sv vim /usr/bin/vi for L in /usr/share/man/{,*/}man1/vim.1; do ln -sv vim.1 $(dirname $L)/vi.1 done
By default, vim's documentation is installed in /usr/share/vim
. The following symlink
allows the documentation to be accessed via /usr/share/doc/vim-8.2.4383
, making it
consistent with the location of documentation for other
packages:
ln -sv ../vim/vim82/doc /usr/share/doc/vim-8.2.4383
If an X Window System is going to be installed on the LFS system, it may be necessary to recompile vim after installing X. Vim comes with a GUI version of the editor that requires X and some additional libraries to be installed. For more information on this process, refer to the vim documentation and the vim installation page in the BLFS book at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/postlfs/vim.html.
By default, vim runs in vi-incompatible mode. This may be new to users who have used other editors in the past. The “nocompatible” setting is included below to highlight the fact that a new behavior is being used. It also reminds those who would change to “compatible” mode that it should be the first setting in the configuration file. This is necessary because it changes other settings, and overrides must come after this setting. Create a default vim configuration file by running the following:
cat > /etc/vimrc << "EOF"
" Begin /etc/vimrc
" Ensure defaults are set before customizing settings, not after
source $VIMRUNTIME/defaults.vim
let skip_defaults_vim=1
set nocompatible
set backspace=2
set mouse=
syntax on
if (&term == "xterm") || (&term == "putty")
set background=dark
endif
" End /etc/vimrc
EOF
The set nocompatible
setting makes vim behave in a more useful
way (the default) than the vi-compatible manner. Remove the
“no” to keep the old vi behavior. The set backspace=2
setting allows
backspacing over line breaks, autoindents, and the start of
an insert. The syntax
on
parameter enables vim's syntax highlighting.
The set mouse=
setting enables proper pasting of text with the mouse when
working in chroot or over a remote connection. Finally, the
if statement with the
set background=dark
setting corrects vim's guess about the
background color of some terminal emulators. This gives the
highlighting a better color scheme for use on the black
background of these programs.
Documentation for other available options can be obtained by running the following command:
vim -c ':options'
By default, vim only installs spell files for the English
language. To install spell files for your preferred
language, download the *.spl
and optionally, the *.sug
files for your language and character encoding from
ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/runtime/spell/
and save them to /usr/share/vim/vim82/spell/
.
To use these spell files, some configuration in
/etc/vimrc
is needed, e.g.:
set spelllang=en,ru
set spell
For more information, see the appropriate README file located at the URL above.
Starts vim in ex mode |
|
Is a restricted version of view; no shell commands can be started and view cannot be suspended |
|
Is a restricted version of vim; no shell commands can be started and vim cannot be suspended |
|
Link to vim |
|
Starts vim in read-only mode |
|
Is the editor |
|
Edits two or three versions of a file with vim and shows differences |
|
Teaches the basic keys and commands of vim |
|
Creates a hex dump of the given file; it can also do the reverse, so it can be used for binary patching |
The Eudev package contains programs for dynamic creation of device nodes.
Prepare Eudev for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --bindir=/usr/sbin \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --enable-manpages \ --disable-static
Compile the package:
make
Create some directories now that are needed for tests, but will also be used as a part of installation:
mkdir -pv /usr/lib/udev/rules.d mkdir -pv /etc/udev/rules.d
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
Install some custom rules and support files useful in an LFS environment:
tar -xvf ../udev-lfs-20171102.tar.xz make -f udev-lfs-20171102/Makefile.lfs install
Information about hardware devices is maintained in the
/etc/udev/hwdb.d
and
/usr/lib/udev/hwdb.d
directories. Eudev needs
that information to be compiled into a binary database
/etc/udev/hwdb.bin
. Create the
initial database:
udevadm hwdb --update
This command needs to be run each time the hardware information is updated.
Generic udev administration tool: controls the udevd daemon, provides info from the Udev database, monitors uevents, waits for uevents to finish, tests Udev configuration, and triggers uevents for a given device |
|
A daemon that listens for uevents on the netlink socket, creates devices and runs the configured external programs in response to these uevents |
|
A library interface to udev device information |
|
Contains Udev configuration files, device permissions, and rules for device naming |
The Man-DB package contains programs for finding and viewing man pages.
Prepare Man-DB for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/man-db-2.10.1 \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --disable-setuid \ --enable-cache-owner=bin \ --with-browser=/usr/bin/lynx \ --with-vgrind=/usr/bin/vgrind \ --with-grap=/usr/bin/grap \ --with-systemdtmpfilesdir= \ --with-systemdsystemunitdir=
The meaning of the configure options:
--disable-setuid
This disables making the man program setuid to
user man
.
--enable-cache-owner=bin
This makes the system-wide cache files be owned by user
bin
.
--with-...
These three parameters are used to set some default programs. lynx is a text-based web browser (see BLFS for installation instructions), vgrind converts program sources to Groff input, and grap is useful for typesetting graphs in Groff documents. The vgrind and grap programs are not normally needed for viewing manual pages. They are not part of LFS or BLFS, but you should be able to install them yourself after finishing LFS if you wish to do so.
--with-systemd...
These parameters prevent installing unneeded systemd directories and files.
Compile the package:
make
To test the results, issue:
make check
Install the package:
make install
The following table shows the character set that Man-DB
assumes manual pages installed under /usr/share/man/<ll>
will be encoded
with. In addition to this, Man-DB correctly determines if
manual pages installed in that directory are UTF-8 encoded.
Table 8.1. Expected character encoding of legacy 8-bit manual pages
Language (code) | Encoding | Language (code) | Encoding |
---|---|---|---|
Danish (da) | ISO-8859-1 | Croatian (hr) | ISO-8859-2 |
German (de) | ISO-8859-1 | Hungarian (hu) | ISO-8859-2 |
English (en) | ISO-8859-1 | Japanese (ja) | EUC-JP |
Spanish (es) | ISO-8859-1 | Korean (ko) | EUC-KR |
Estonian (et) | ISO-8859-1 | Lithuanian (lt) | ISO-8859-13 |
Finnish (fi) | ISO-8859-1 | Latvian (lv) | ISO-8859-13 |
French (fr) | ISO-8859-1 | Macedonian (mk) | ISO-8859-5 |
Irish (ga) | ISO-8859-1 | Polish (pl) | ISO-8859-2 |
Galician (gl) | ISO-8859-1 | Romanian (ro) | ISO-8859-2 |
Indonesian (id) | ISO-8859-1 | Russian (ru) | KOI8-R |
Icelandic (is) | ISO-8859-1 | Slovak (sk) | ISO-8859-2 |
Italian (it) | ISO-8859-1 | Slovenian (sl) | ISO-8859-2 |
Norwegian Bokmal (nb) | ISO-8859-1 | Serbian Latin (sr@latin) | ISO-8859-2 |
Dutch (nl) | ISO-8859-1 | Serbian (sr) | ISO-8859-5 |
Norwegian Nynorsk (nn) | ISO-8859-1 | Turkish (tr) | ISO-8859-9 |
Norwegian (no) | ISO-8859-1 | Ukrainian (uk) | KOI8-U |
Portuguese (pt) | ISO-8859-1 | Vietnamese (vi) | TCVN5712-1 |
Swedish (sv) | ISO-8859-1 | Simplified Chinese (zh_CN) | GBK |
Belarusian (be) | CP1251 | Simplified Chinese, Singapore (zh_SG) | GBK |
Bulgarian (bg) | CP1251 | Traditional Chinese, Hong Kong (zh_HK) | BIG5HKSCS |
Czech (cs) | ISO-8859-2 | Traditional Chinese (zh_TW) | BIG5 |
Greek (el) | ISO-8859-7 |
Manual pages in languages not in the list are not supported.
Dumps the whatis database contents in human-readable form |
|
Searches the whatis database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain a given string |
|
Creates or updates the pre-formatted manual pages |
|
Displays one-line summary information about a given manual page |
|
Formats and displays the requested manual page |
|
Converts manual pages to another encoding |
|
Creates or updates the whatis database |
|
Displays the contents of $MANPATH or (if $MANPATH is not set) a suitable search path based on the settings in man.conf and the user's environment |
|
Searches the whatis database and displays the short descriptions of system commands that contain the given keyword as a separate word |
|
Contains run-time support for man |
|
Contains run-time support for man |
The Procps-ng package contains programs for monitoring processes.
This package extracts to the directory procps-3.3.17
, not the expected
procps-ng-3.3.17
.
Prepare procps-ng for compilation:
./configure --prefix=/usr \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/procps-ng-3.3.17 \ --disable-static \ --disable-kill
The meaning of the configure option:
--disable-kill
This switch disables building the kill command that will be installed by the Util-linux package.
Compile the package:
make
To run the test suite, run:
make check
Five tests related to pkill are known to fail due to a problem with tests that were not updated.
Install the package:
make install
Reports the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap memory) in the system |
|
Looks up processes based on their name and other attributes |
|
Reports the PIDs of the given programs |
|
Signals processes based on their name and other attributes |
|
Reports the memory map of the given process |
|
Lists the current running processes |
|
Waits for a process to finish before executing. |
|
Reports the current working directory of a process |
|
Displays detailed kernel slab cache information in real time |
|
Modifies kernel parameters at run time |
|
Prints a graph of the current system load average |
|
Displays a list of the most CPU intensive processes; it provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real time |
|
Reports how long the system has been running, how many users are logged on, and the system load averages |
|
Reports virtual memory statistics, giving information about processes, memory, paging, block Input/Output (IO), traps, and CPU activity |
|
Shows which users are currently logged on, where, and since when |
|
Runs a given command repeatedly, displaying the first screen-full of its output; this allows a user to watch the output change over time |
|
Contains the functions used by most programs in this package |
The Util-linux package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems, consoles, partitions, and messages.
Prepare Util-linux for compilation:
./configure ADJTIME_PATH=/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime \ --bindir=/usr/bin \ --libdir=/usr/lib \ --sbindir=/usr/sbin \ --docdir=/usr/share/doc/util-linux-2.37.4 \ --disable-chfn-chsh \ --disable-login \ --disable-nologin \ --disable-su \ --disable-setpriv \ --disable-runuser \ --disable-pylibmount \ --disable-static \ --without-python \ --without-systemd \ --without-systemdsystemunitdir
The --disable and --without options prevent warnings about building components that require packages not in LFS or are inconsistent with programs installed by other packages.
Compile the package:
make
If desired, run the test suite as a non-root user:
Running the test suite as the root
user can be harmful to your
system. To run it, the CONFIG_SCSI_DEBUG option for the
kernel must be available in the currently running system
and must be built as a module. Building it into the kernel
will prevent booting. For complete coverage, other BLFS
packages must be installed. If desired, this test can be
run after rebooting into the completed LFS system and
running:
bash tests/run.sh --srcdir=$PWD --builddir=$PWD
There is one test that fails in the chroot envronment and causes the tests to hang forever. The problem does not occur outside of the chroot envronment. To work around the problem, delete the test:
rm tests/ts/lsns/ioctl_ns
chown -Rv tester . su tester -c "make -k check"
Install the package:
make install
Informs the Linux kernel of new partitions |
|
Opens a tty port, prompts for a login name, and then invokes the login program |
|
Discards sectors on a device |
|
A command line utility to locate and print block device attributes |
|
Runs zone command on the given block device |
|
Allows users to call block device ioctls from the command line |
|
Displays a simple calendar |
|
Manipulates the partition table of the given device |
|
Modifies the state of CPUs |
|
Configures memory |
|
Displays and adjusts OOM-killer score |
|
Manipulates real-time attributes of a process |
|
Filters out reverse line feeds |
|
Filters nroff output for terminals that lack some capabilities, such as overstriking and half-lines |
|
Filters out the given columns |
|
Formats a given file into multiple columns |
|
Sets the function of the Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination to a hard or a soft reset |
|
Asks the Linux kernel to remove a partition |
|
Dumps the kernel boot messages |
|
Ejects removable media |
|
Preallocates space to a file |
|
Manipulates the partition table of the given device |
|
Counts pages of file contents in core |
|
Finds a file system by label or Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) |
|
Is a command line interface to the libmount library for work with mountinfo, fstab and mtab files |
|
Acquires a file lock and then executes a command with the lock held |
|
Is used to check, and optionally repair, file systems |
|
Performs a consistency check on the Cramfs file system on the given device |
|
Performs a consistency check on the Minix file system on the given device |
|
Is a very simple wrapper around FIFREEZE/FITHAW ioctl kernel driver operations |
|
Discards unused blocks on a mounted filesystem |
|
Parses options in the given command line |
|
Dumps the given file in hexadecimal or in another given format |
|
Reads or sets the system's hardware clock, also called the Real-Time Clock (RTC) or Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) clock |
|
A symbolic link to setarch |
|
Gets or sets the io scheduling class and priority for a program |
|
Creates various IPC resources |
|
Removes the given Inter-Process Communication (IPC) resource |
|
Provides IPC status information |
|
Displays kernel interrupt counter information in
|
|
Reports the size of an iso9660 file system |
|
Sends signals to processes |
|
Shows which users last logged in (and out),
searching back through the |
|
Shows the failed login attempts, as logged in
|
|
Attaches a line discipline to a serial line |
|
A symbolic link to setarch |
|
A symbolic link to setarch |
|
Enters the given message into the system log |
|
Displays lines that begin with the given string |
|
Sets up and controls loop devices |
|
Lists information about all or selected block devices in a tree-like format |
|
Prints CPU architecture information |
|
Prints information on IPC facilities currently employed in the system |
|
Displays kernel interrupt counter information |
|
Lists local system locks |
|
Lists information about users, groups and system accounts |
|
Lists the ranges of available memory with their online status |
|
Lists namespaces |
|
Generates magic cookies (128-bit random hexadecimal numbers) for xauth |
|
Controls whether other users can send messages to the current user's terminal |
|
Builds a file system on a device (usually a hard disk partition) |
|
Creates a Santa Cruz Operations (SCO) bfs file system |
|
Creates a cramfs file system |
|
Creates a Minix file system |
|
Initializes the given device or file to be used as a swap area |
|
A filter for paging through text one screen at a time |
|
Attaches the file system on the given device to a specified directory in the file-system tree |
|
Checks if the directory is a mountpoint |
|
Shows the symbolic links in the given pathnames |
|
Runs a program with namespaces of other processes |
|
Tells the kernel about the presence and numbering of on-disk partitions |
|
Makes the given file system the new root file system of the current process |
|
Get and set a process' resource limits |
|
Reads kernel profiling information |
|
Renames the given files, replacing a given string with another |
|
Alters the priority of running processes |
|
Asks the Linux kernel to resize a partition |
|
Reverses the lines of a given file |
|
Tool for enabling and disabling wireless devices |
|
Used to enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time |
|
Makes a typescript of a terminal session |
|
Re-run session typescripts using timing information |
|
Plays back typescripts using timing information |
|
Changes reported architecture in a new program environment and sets personality flags |
|
Runs the given program in a new session |
|
Sets terminal attributes |
|
A disk partition table manipulator |
|
Allows |
|
Allows to change swaparea UUID and label |
|
Disables devices and files for paging and swapping |
|
Enables devices and files for paging and swapping and lists the devices and files currently in use |
|
Switches to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree |
|
Retrieves or sets a process' CPU affinity |
|
Manipulate the utilization clamping attributes of the system or a process |
|
A filter for translating underscores into escape sequences indicating underlining for the terminal in use |
|
Disconnects a file system from the system's file tree |
|
A symbolic link to setarch |
|
Runs a program with some namespaces unshared from parent |
|
Displays the content of the given login file in a more user-friendly format |
|
A daemon used by the UUID library to generate time-based UUIDs in a secure and guaranteed-unique fashion |
|
Creates new UUIDs. Each new UUID can reasonably be considered unique among all UUIDs created, on the local system and on other systems, in the past and in the future |
|
An utility to parse unique identifiers |
|
Displays the contents of a file or, by default, its standard input, on the terminals of all currently logged in users |
|
Shows hardware watchdog status |
|
Reports the location of the binary, source, and man page for the given command |
|
Wipes a filesystem signature from a device |
|
A symbolic link to setarch |
|
A program to set up and control zram (compressed ram disk) devices |
|
Contains routines for device identification and token extraction |
|
Contains routines for manipulating partition tables |
|
Contains routines for block device mounting and unmounting |
|
Contains routines for aiding screen output in tabular form |
|
Contains routines for generating unique identifiers for objects that may be accessible beyond the local system |
The e2fsprogs package contains the utilities for handling the
ext2
file system. It also
supports the ext3
and
ext4
journaling file systems.
The e2fsprogs documentation recommends that the package be built in a subdirectory of the source tree:
mkdir -v build cd build
Prepare e2fsprogs for compilation:
../configure --prefix=/usr \ --sysconfdir=/etc \ --enable-elf-shlibs \ --disable-libblkid \ --disable-libuuid \ --disable-uuidd \ --disable-fsck
The meaning of the configure options:
--enable-elf-shlibs
This creates the shared libraries which some programs in this package use.
--disable-*
This prevents e2fsprogs from building and installing
the libuuid
and
libblkid
libraries, the
uuidd
daemon, and the
fsck
wrapper, as util-linux installs more recent versions.
Compile the package:
make
To run the tests, issue:
make check
One test, u_direct_io, is known to fail on some systems.
Install the package:
make install
Remove useless static libraries:
rm -fv /usr/lib/{libcom_err,libe2p,libext2fs,libss}.a
This package installs a gzipped .info
file but doesn't update the
system-wide dir
file. Unzip
this file and then update the system dir
file using the following commands:
gunzip -v /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info.gz install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/libext2fs.info
If desired, create and install some additional documentation by issuing the following commands:
makeinfo -o doc/com_err.info ../lib/et/com_err.texinfo install -v -m644 doc/com_err.info /usr/share/info install-info --dir-file=/usr/share/info/dir /usr/share/info/com_err.info
Searches a device (usually a disk partition) for bad blocks |
|
Changes the attributes of files on an |
|
An error table compiler; it converts a table of
error-code names and messages into a C source file
suitable for use with the |
|
A file system debugger; it can be used to examine
and change the state of an |
|
Prints the super block and blocks group information for the file system present on a given device |
|
Reports free space fragmentation information |
|
Is used to check, and optionally repair
|
|
Is used to save critical |
|
Displays or changes the file system label on the
|
|
Checks MMP status of an ext4 filesystem |
|
Checks the contents of a mounted ext[234] filesystem |
|
Checks all mounted ext[234] filesystems for errors |
|
Replays the undo log undo_log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem found on a device [This can be used to undo a failed operation by an e2fsprogs program.] |
|
Ext4 filesystem encryption utility |
|
Online defragmenter for ext4 filesystems |
|
Reports on how badly fragmented a particular file might be |
|
By default checks |
|
By default checks |
|
By default checks |
|
Saves the output of a command in a log file |
|
Lists the attributes of files on a second extended file system |
|
Converts a table of command names and help messages
into a C source file suitable for use with the
|
|
Creates an |
|
By default creates |
|
By default creates |
|
By default creates |
|
Used to create a |
|
Can be used to enlarge or shrink an |
|
Adjusts tunable file system parameters on an
|
|
The common error display routine |
|
Used by dumpe2fs, chattr, and lsattr |
|
Contains routines to enable user-level programs to
manipulate an |
|
Used by debugfs |
The sysklogd package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel when unusual things happen.
First, fix problems that causes a segmentation fault under some conditions in klogd and fix an obsolete program construct:
sed -i '/Error loading kernel symbols/{n;n;d}' ksym_mod.c sed -i 's/union wait/int/' syslogd.c
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make BINDIR=/sbin install
Create a new /etc/syslog.conf
file by running the following:
cat > /etc/syslog.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/syslog.conf
auth,authpriv.* -/var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/sys.log
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
*.emerg *
# End /etc/syslog.conf
EOF
A system daemon for intercepting and logging kernel messages |
|
Logs the messages that system programs offer for logging [Every logged message contains at least a date stamp and a hostname, and normally the program's name too, but that depends on how trusting the logging daemon is told to be.] |
The Sysvinit package contains programs for controlling the startup, running, and shutdown of the system.
First, apply a patch that removes several programs installed by other packages, clarifies a message, and fixes a compiler warning:
patch -Np1 -i ../sysvinit-3.01-consolidated-1.patch
Compile the package:
make
This package does not come with a test suite.
Install the package:
make install
Logs boot messages to a log file |
|
Run a command with fstab-encoded arguments |
|
Normally invokes shutdown with the
|
|
The first process to be started when the kernel has initialized the hardware which takes over the boot process and starts all the proceses specified in its configuration file |
|
Sends a signal to all processes, except the processes in its own session so it will not kill its parent shell |
|
Tells the kernel to halt the system and switch off the computer (see halt) |
|
Tells the kernel to reboot the system (see halt) |
|
Reports the previous and the current run-level, as
noted in the last run-level record in |
|
Brings the system down in a secure way, signaling all processes and notifying all logged-in users |
|
Tells init which run-level to change to |
Most programs and libraries are, by default, compiled with
debugging symbols included (with gcc's -g
option). This means that when
debugging a program or library that was compiled with debugging
information, the debugger can provide not only memory
addresses, but also the names of the routines and variables.
However, the inclusion of these debugging symbols enlarges a program or library significantly. The following is an example of the amount of space these symbols occupy:
A bash binary with debugging symbols: 1200 KB
A bash binary without debugging symbols: 480 KB
Glibc and GCC files (/lib
and /usr/lib
) with
debugging symbols: 87 MB
Glibc and GCC files without debugging symbols: 16 MB
Sizes may vary depending on which compiler and C library were used, but when comparing programs with and without debugging symbols, the difference will usually be a factor between two and five.
Because most users will never use a debugger on their system software, a lot of disk space can be regained by removing these symbols. The next section shows how to strip all debugging symbols from the programs and libraries.
This section is optional. If the intended user is not a programmer and does not plan to do any debugging on the system software, the system size can be decreased by about 2 GB by removing the debugging symbols from binaries and libraries. This causes no inconvenience other than not being able to debug the software fully anymore.
Most people who use the commands mentioned below do not experience any difficulties. However, it is easy to make a typo and render the new system unusable, so before running the strip commands, it is a good idea to make a backup of the LFS system in its current state.
The debugging symbols for selected libraries are placed in separate files. This debugging information is needed if running regression tests that use valgrind or gdb later in BLFS.
Note that strip
will overwrite the binary or library file it is processing.
This can crash the processes using code or data from the file.
If the process running strip itself is affected, the
binary or library being stripped can be destroyed and can make
the system completely unusable. To avoid it, we'll copy some
libraries and binaries into /tmp
,
strip them there, and install them back with the install command. Read the
related entry in Section 8.2.1,
“Upgrade Issues” for the rationale to use the
install command
here.
The ELF loader's name is ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 on 64-bit systems and ld-linux.so.2 on 32-bit systems. The contruct below selects the correct name for the current architecture.
save_usrlib="$(cd /usr/lib; ls ld-linux*) libc.so.6 libthread_db.so.1 libquadmath.so.0.0.0 libstdc++.so.6.0.29 libitm.so.1.0.0 libatomic.so.1.2.0" cd /usr/lib for LIB in $save_usrlib; do objcopy --only-keep-debug $LIB $LIB.dbg cp $LIB /tmp/$LIB strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=$LIB.dbg /tmp/$LIB install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib rm /tmp/$LIB done online_usrbin="bash find strip" online_usrlib="libbfd-2.38.so libhistory.so.8.1 libncursesw.so.6.3 libm.so.6 libreadline.so.8.1 libz.so.1.2.11 $(cd /usr/lib; find libnss*.so* -type f)" for BIN in $online_usrbin; do cp /usr/bin/$BIN /tmp/$BIN strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$BIN install -vm755 /tmp/$BIN /usr/bin rm /tmp/$BIN done for LIB in $online_usrlib; do cp /usr/lib/$LIB /tmp/$LIB strip --strip-unneeded /tmp/$LIB install -vm755 /tmp/$LIB /usr/lib rm /tmp/$LIB done for i in $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.so* ! -name \*dbg) \ $(find /usr/lib -type f -name \*.a) \ $(find /usr/{bin,sbin,libexec} -type f); do case "$online_usrbin $online_usrlib $save_usrlib" in *$(basename $i)* ) ;; * ) strip --strip-unneeded $i ;; esac done unset BIN LIB save_usrlib online_usrbin online_usrlib
A large number of files will be reported as having their file format not recognized. These warnings can be safely ignored. They indicate that those files are scripts instead of binaries.
Finally, clean up some extra files left around from running tests:
rm -rf /tmp/*
There are also several files installed in the /usr/lib and /usr/libexec directories with a file name extension of .la. These are "libtool archive" files. As already said, they are only useful when linking with static libraries. They are unneeded, and potentially harmful, when using dynamic shared libraries, specially when using also non-autotools build systems. To remove them, run:
find /usr/lib /usr/libexec -name \*.la -delete
For more information about libtool archive files, see the BLFS section "About Libtool Archive (.la) files".
The compiler built in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 is still partially installed and not needed anymore. Remove it with:
find /usr -depth -name $(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu\* | xargs rm -rf
Finally, remove the temporary 'tester' user account created at the beginning of the previous chapter.
userdel -r tester
Booting a Linux system involves several tasks. The process must mount both virtual and real file systems, initialize devices, activate swap, check file systems for integrity, mount any swap partitions or files, set the system clock, bring up networking, start any daemons required by the system, and accomplish any other custom tasks needed by the user. This process must be organized to ensure the tasks are performed in the correct order but, at the same time, be executed as fast as possible.
System V is the classic boot process that has been used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux since about 1983. It consists of a small program, init, that sets up basic programs such as login (via getty) and runs a script. This script, usually named rc, controls the execution of a set of additional scripts that perform the tasks required to initialize the system.
The init
program is controlled by the /etc/inittab
file and is organized into run
levels that can be run by the user:
0 — halt
1 — Single user mode
2 — Multiuser, without networking
3 — Full multiuser mode
4 — User definable
5 — Full multiuser mode with display manager
6 — reboot
The usual default run level is 3 or 5.
Established, well understood system.
Easy to customize.
May be slower to boot. A medium speed base LFS system takes 8-12 seconds where the boot time is measured from the first kernel message to the login prompt. Network connectivity is typically established about 2 seconds after the login prompt.
Serial processing of boot tasks. This is related to the previous point. A delay in any process such as a file system check, will delay the entire boot process.
Does not directly support advanced features like control groups (cgroups), and per-user fair share scheduling.
Adding scripts requires manual, static sequencing decisions.
The LFS-Bootscripts package contains a set of scripts to start/stop the LFS system at bootup/shutdown. The configuration files and procedures needed to customize the boot process are described in the following sections.
Install the package:
make install
Checks the integrity of the file systems before they are mounted (with the exception of journal and network based file systems) |
|
Removes files that should not be preserved between
reboots, such as those in |
|
Loads the correct keymap table for the desired keyboard layout; it also sets the screen font |
|
Contains common functions, such as error and status checking, that are used by several bootscripts |
|
Halts the system |
|
Stops a network device |
|
Initializes a network device |
|
Sets up the system's hostname and local loopback device |
|
Loads kernel modules listed in |
|
Mounts all file systems, except ones that are marked noauto or are network based |
|
Mounts virtual kernel file systems, such as
|
|
Sets up network interfaces, such as network cards, and sets up the default gateway (where applicable) |
|
The master run-level control script; it is responsible for running all the other bootscripts one-by-one, in a sequence determined by the name of the symbolic links being processed |
|
Reboots the system |
|
Makes sure every process is terminated before the system reboots or halts |
|
Resets the kernel clock to local time in case the hardware clock is not set to UTC time |
|
Provides the functionality needed to assign a static Internet Protocol (IP) address to a network interface |
|
Enables and disables swap files and partitions |
|
Loads system configuration values from |
|
Starts and stops the system and kernel log daemons |
|
A template to create custom bootscripts for other daemons |
|
Prepares the |
|
Retries failed udev uevents, and copies generated
rules files from |
In Chapter 8, we installed the udev package when eudev was built. Before we go into the details regarding how this works, a brief history of previous methods of handling devices is in order.
Linux systems in general traditionally used a static device
creation method, whereby a great many device nodes were created
under /dev
(sometimes literally
thousands of nodes), regardless of whether the corresponding
hardware devices actually existed. This was typically done via
a MAKEDEV script,
which contains a number of calls to the mknod program with the
relevant major and minor device numbers for every possible
device that might exist in the world.
Using the udev method, only those devices which are detected by
the kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these
device nodes will be created each time the system boots, they
will be stored on a devtmpfs
file system (a virtual file system that resides entirely in
system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so the
memory that is used is negligible.
In February 2000, a new filesystem called devfs
was merged into the 2.3.46 kernel
and was made available during the 2.4 series of stable
kernels. Although it was present in the kernel source itself,
this method of creating devices dynamically never received
overwhelming support from the core kernel developers.
The main problem with the approach adopted by devfs
was the way it handled device
detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of
device node naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is
generally accepted that if device names are allowed to be
configurable, then the device naming policy should be up to a
system administrator, not imposed on them by any particular
developer(s). The devfs
file
system also suffered from race conditions that were inherent
in its design and could not be fixed without a substantial
revision to the kernel. It was marked as deprecated for a
long period – due to a lack of maintenance – and
was finally removed from the kernel in June, 2006.
With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later
released as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual
filesystem called sysfs
came
to be. The job of sysfs
is to
export a view of the system's hardware configuration to
userspace processes. With this userspace-visible
representation, the possibility of developing a userspace
replacement for devfs
became
much more realistic.
The sysfs
filesystem was
mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how sysfs
knows about the devices present
on a system and what device numbers should be used for
them. Drivers that have been compiled into the kernel
directly register their objects with a sysfs
(devtmpfs internally) as they are
detected by the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules,
this registration will happen when the module is loaded.
Once the sysfs
filesystem
is mounted (on /sys), data which the drivers register with
sysfs
are available to
userspace processes and to udevd for processing (including
modifications to device nodes).
Device files are created by the kernel by the devtmpfs
filesystem. Any driver that
wishes to register a device node will go through the
devtmpfs
(via the driver
core) to do it. When a devtmpfs
instance is mounted on
/dev
, the device node will
initially be created with a fixed name, permissions, and
owner.
A short time later, the kernel will send a uevent to
udevd. Based
on the rules specified in the files within the /etc/udev/rules.d
, /usr/lib/udev/rules.d
, and /run/udev/rules.d
directories,
udevd will
create additional symlinks to the device node, or change
its permissions, owner, or group, or modify the internal
udevd
database entry (name) for that object.
The rules in these three directories are numbered and all
three directories are merged together. If udevd can't find a rule
for the device it is creating, it will leave the
permissions and ownership at whatever devtmpfs
used initially.
Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built
into them. Aliases are visible in the output of the
modinfo
program and are usually related to the bus-specific
identifiers of devices supported by a module. For example,
the snd-fm801 driver
supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID
0x0801, and has an alias of “pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*”.
For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the
driver that would handle the device via sysfs
. E.g., the /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias
file might contain the string “pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00”.
The default rules provided with udev will cause
udevd to call
out to /sbin/modprobe with the
contents of the MODALIAS
uevent
environment variable (which should be the same as the
contents of the modalias
file
in sysfs), thus loading all modules whose aliases match
this string after wildcard expansion.
In this example, this means that, in addition to snd-fm801, the obsolete (and unwanted) forte driver will be loaded if it is available. See below for ways in which the loading of unwanted drivers can be prevented.
The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network protocols, filesystems, and NLS support on demand.
There are a few possible problems when it comes to automatically creating device nodes.
Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias
and the bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases
to sysfs
. In other cases,
one should arrange module loading by other means. With
Linux-5.16.9, udev is known to load properly-written
drivers for INPUT, IDE, PCI, USB, SCSI, SERIO, and FireWire
devices.
To determine if the device driver you require has the
necessary support for udev, run modinfo with the module
name as the argument. Now try locating the device directory
under /sys/bus
and check
whether there is a modalias
file there.
If the modalias
file exists
in sysfs
, the driver
supports the device and can talk to it directly, but
doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the driver. Load the
driver without the help from udev and expect the issue to
be fixed later.
If there is no modalias
file
in the relevant directory under /sys/bus
, this means that the kernel
developers have not yet added modalias support to this bus
type. With Linux-5.16.9, this is the case with ISA busses.
Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions.
Udev is not intended to load “wrapper” drivers such as snd-pcm-oss and non-hardware drivers such as loop at all.
If the “wrapper” module only enhances
the functionality provided by some other module (e.g.,
snd-pcm-oss enhances
the functionality of snd-pcm by making the sound
cards available to OSS applications), configure
modprobe to
load the wrapper after udev loads the wrapped module. To do
this, add a “softdep” line to the
corresponding /etc/modprobe.d/
file. For example:
<filename>
.conf
softdep snd-pcm post: snd-pcm-oss
Note that the “softdep” command also allows
pre:
dependencies, or a
mixture of both pre:
and
post:
dependencies. See the
modprobe.d(5)
manual page for
more information on “softdep” syntax and
capabilities.
If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by
itself, configure the modules bootscript to
load this module on system boot. To do this, add the module
name to the /etc/sysconfig/modules
file on a separate
line. This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal
in that case.
Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in a
/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
file as
done with the forte
module in the example below:
blacklist forte
Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the explicit modprobe command.
This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a device. For example, a poorly-written rule can match both a SCSI disk (as desired) and the corresponding SCSI generic device (incorrectly) by vendor. Find the offending rule and make it more specific, with the help of the udevadm info command.
This may be another manifestation of the previous problem.
If not, and your rule uses sysfs
attributes, it may be a kernel
timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels. For now, you
can work around it by creating a rule that waits for the
used sysfs
attribute and
appending it to the /etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules
file (create this file if it does not exist). Please notify
the LFS Development list if you do so and it helps.
Further text assumes that the driver is built statically into the kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you have already checked that udev doesn't create a misnamed device.
Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a
kernel driver does not export its data to sysfs
. This is most common with third
party drivers from outside the kernel tree. Create a static
device node in /usr/lib/udev/devices
with the
appropriate major/minor numbers (see the file devices.txt
inside the kernel
documentation or the documentation provided by the third
party driver vendor). The static device node will be copied
to /dev
by udev.
This is due to the fact that udev, by design, handles uevents and loads modules in parallel, and thus in an unpredictable order. This will never be “fixed”. You should not rely upon the kernel device names being stable. Instead, create your own rules that make symlinks with stable names based on some stable attributes of the device, such as a serial number or the output of various *_id utilities installed by udev. See Section 9.4, “Managing Devices” and Section 9.5, “General Network Configuration” for examples.
Additional helpful documentation is available at the following sites:
A Userspace Implementation of devfs
http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf
The sysfs
Filesystem
http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf
Udev, by default, names network devices according to Firmware/BIOS data or physical characteristics like the bus, slot, or MAC address. The purpose of this naming convention is to ensure that network devices are named consistently and not based on the time the network card was discovered. For example, on a computer having two network cards made by Intel and Realtek, the network card manufactured by Intel may become eth0 and the Realtek card becomes eth1. In some cases, after a reboot the cards could get renumbered the other way around.
In the new naming scheme, typical network device names would then be something like enp5s0 or wlp3s0. If this naming convention is not desired, the traditional naming scheme or a custom scheme can be implemented.
The traditional naming scheme using eth0, eth1, etc can be
restored by adding net.ifnames=0
on the
kernel command line. This is most appropriate for those
systems that have only one ethernet device of the same
type. Laptops often have multiple ethernet connections that
are named eth0 and wlan0 and are also candidates for this
method. The command line is passed in the GRUB
configuration file. See Section 10.4.4,
“Creating the GRUB Configuration File”.
The naming scheme can be customized by creating custom udev rules. A script has been included that generates the initial rules. Generate these rules by running:
bash /usr/lib/udev/init-net-rules.sh
Now, inspect the /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
file, to find out which name was assigned to which network
device:
cat /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
In some cases such as when MAC addresses have been assigned to a network card manually or in a virtual environment such as Qemu or Xen, the network rules file may not have been generated because addresses are not consistently assigned. In these cases, this method cannot be used.
The file begins with a comment block followed by two lines for each NIC. The first line for each NIC is a commented description showing its hardware IDs (e.g. its PCI vendor and device IDs, if it's a PCI card), along with its driver in parentheses, if the driver can be found. Neither the hardware ID nor the driver is used to determine which name to give an interface; this information is only for reference. The second line is the udev rule that matches this NIC and actually assigns it a name.
All udev rules are made up of several keys, separated by commas and optional whitespace. This rule's keys and an explanation of each of them are as follows:
SUBSYSTEM=="net"
- This
tells udev to ignore devices that are not network
cards.
ACTION=="add"
- This
tells udev to ignore this rule for a uevent that
isn't an add ("remove" and "change" uevents also
happen, but don't need to rename network interfaces).
DRIVERS=="?*"
- This
exists so that udev will ignore VLAN or bridge
sub-interfaces (because these sub-interfaces do not
have drivers). These sub-interfaces are skipped
because the name that would be assigned would collide
with their parent devices.
ATTR{address}
- The
value of this key is the NIC's MAC address.
ATTR{type}=="1"
- This
ensures the rule only matches the primary interface
in the case of certain wireless drivers which create
multiple virtual interfaces. The secondary interfaces
are skipped for the same reason that VLAN and bridge
sub-interfaces are skipped: there would be a name
collision otherwise.
NAME
- The value of this
key is the name that udev will assign to this
interface.
The value of NAME
is the
important part. Make sure you know which name has been
assigned to each of your network cards before proceeding,
and be sure to use that NAME
value when creating your configuration files below.
Some software that you may want to install later (e.g.,
various media players) expect the /dev/cdrom
and /dev/dvd
symlinks to exist, and to point to
a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM device. Also, it may be convenient to put
references to those symlinks into /etc/fstab
. Udev comes with a script that
will generate rules files to create these symlinks for you,
depending on the capabilities of each device, but you need to
decide which of two modes of operation you wish to have the
script use.
First, the script can operate in “by-path” mode (used by default for USB and FireWire devices), where the rules it creates depend on the physical path to the CD or DVD device. Second, it can operate in “by-id” mode (default for IDE and SCSI devices), where the rules it creates depend on identification strings stored on the CD or DVD device itself. The path is determined by udev's path_id script, and the identification strings are read from the hardware by its ata_id or scsi_id programs, depending on which type of device you have.
There are advantages to each approach; the correct approach to use will depend on what kinds of device changes may happen. If you expect the physical path to the device (that is, the ports and/or slots that it plugs into) to change, for example because you plan on moving the drive to a different IDE port or a different USB connector, then you should use the “by-id” mode. On the other hand, if you expect the device's identification to change, for example because it may die, and you would replace it with a different device with the same capabilities and which is plugged into the same connectors, then you should use the “by-path” mode.
If either type of change is possible with your drive, then choose a mode based on the type of change you expect to happen more often.
External devices (for example, a USB-connected CD drive) should not use by-path persistence, because each time the device is plugged into a new external port, its physical path will change. All externally-connected devices will have this problem if you write udev rules to recognize them by their physical path; the problem is not limited to CD and DVD drives.
If you wish to see the values that the udev scripts will use,
then for the appropriate CD-ROM device, find the
corresponding directory under /sys
(e.g., this can be /sys/block/hdd
) and run a command similar
to the following:
udevadm test /sys/block/hdd
Look at the lines containing the output of various *_id programs. The “by-id” mode will use the ID_SERIAL value if it exists and is not empty, otherwise it will use a combination of ID_MODEL and ID_REVISION. The “by-path” mode will use the ID_PATH value.
If the default mode is not suitable for your situation, then
the following modification can be made to the /etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules
file, as follows (where mode
is one of “by-id”
or “by-path”):
sed -e 's/"write_cd_rules"/"write_cd_rules mode
"/' \
-i /etc/udev/rules.d/83-cdrom-symlinks.rules
Note that it is not necessary to create the rules files or
symlinks at this time because you have bind-mounted the
host's /dev
directory into the
LFS system and we assume the symlinks exist on the host. The
rules and symlinks will be created the first time you boot
your LFS system.
However, if you have multiple CD-ROM devices, then the
symlinks generated at that time may point to different
devices than they point to on your host because devices are
not discovered in a predictable order. The assignments
created when you first boot the LFS system will be stable, so
this is only an issue if you need the symlinks on both
systems to point to the same device. If you need that, then
inspect (and possibly edit) the generated /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules
file after booting, to make sure the assigned symlinks match
what you need.
As explained in Section 9.3,
“Overview of Device and Module Handling”, the
order in which devices with the same function appear in
/dev
is essentially random.
E.g., if you have a USB web camera and a TV tuner, sometimes
/dev/video0
refers to the
camera and /dev/video1
refers
to the tuner, and sometimes after a reboot the order changes.
For all classes of hardware except sound cards and network
cards, this is fixable by creating udev rules for custom
persistent symlinks. The case of network cards is covered
separately in Section 9.5,
“General Network Configuration”, and sound
card configuration can be found in
BLFS.
For each of your devices that is likely to have this problem
(even if the problem doesn't exist in your current Linux
distribution), find the corresponding directory under
/sys/class
or /sys/block
. For video devices, this may be
/sys/class/video4linux/video
. Figure out the
attributes that identify the device uniquely (usually, vendor
and product IDs and/or serial numbers work):
X
udevadm info -a -p /sys/class/video4linux/video0
Then write rules that create the symlinks, e.g.:
cat > /etc/udev/rules.d/83-duplicate_devs.rules << "EOF"
# Persistent symlinks for webcam and tuner
KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{idProduct}=="1910", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0d81", SYMLINK+="webcam"
KERNEL=="video*", ATTRS{device}=="0x036f", ATTRS{vendor}=="0x109e", SYMLINK+="tvtuner"
EOF
The result is that /dev/video0
and /dev/video1
devices still
refer randomly to the tuner and the web camera (and thus
should never be used directly), but there are symlinks
/dev/tvtuner
and /dev/webcam
that always point to the
correct device.
Which interfaces are brought up and down by the network
script usually depends on the files in /etc/sysconfig/
. This directory should
contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as
ifconfig.xyz
, where
“xyz” should describe the network
card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate.
Inside this file are attributes to this interface, such as
its IP address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. It is
necessary that the stem of the filename be ifconfig.
If the procedure in the previous section was not used, udev will assign network card interface names based on system physical characteristics such as enp2s1. If you are not sure what your interface name is, you can always run ip link or ls /sys/class/net after you have booted your system.
The interface names depend on the implementation and configuration of the udev daemon running on the system. The udev daemon for LFS (installed in Section 8.69, “Eudev-3.2.11”) will not run until the LFS system is booted. So it's unreliable to determine the interface names being used in LFS system by running those commands on the host distro, even though in the chroot environment.
The following command creates a sample file for the eth0 device with a static IP address:
cd /etc/sysconfig/ cat > ifconfig.eth0
<< "EOF"ONBOOT=
EOFyes
IFACE=eth0
SERVICE=ipv4-static
IP=192.168.1.2
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
PREFIX=24
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
The values in italics must be changed in every file to match the proper setup.
If the ONBOOT
variable is set to
“yes” the System V network script
will bring up the Network Interface Card (NIC) during the
system boot process. If set to anything but “yes”
the NIC will be ignored by the network script and not be
automatically brought up. The interface can be manually
started or stopped with the ifup and ifdown commands.
The IFACE
variable defines the
interface name, for example, eth0. It is required for all
network device configuration files. The filename extension
must match this value.
The SERVICE
variable defines the
method used for obtaining the IP address. The LFS-Bootscripts
package has a modular IP assignment format, and creating
additional files in the /lib/services/
directory allows other IP
assignment methods. This is commonly used for Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS
book.
The GATEWAY
variable should
contain the default gateway IP address, if one is present. If
not, then comment out the variable entirely.
The PREFIX
variable contains the
number of bits used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP
address is 8 bits. If the subnet's netmask is 255.255.255.0,
then it is using the first three octets (24 bits) to specify
the network number. If the netmask is 255.255.255.240, it
would be using the first 28 bits. Prefixes longer than 24
bits are commonly used by DSL and cable-based Internet
Service Providers (ISPs). In this example (PREFIX=24), the
netmask is 255.255.255.0. Adjust the PREFIX
variable according to your specific
subnet. If omitted, the PREFIX defaults to 24.
For more information see the ifup man page.
The system will need some means of obtaining Domain Name
Service (DNS) name resolution to resolve Internet domain
names to IP addresses, and vice versa. This is best achieved
by placing the IP address of the DNS server, available from
the ISP or network administrator, into /etc/resolv.conf
. Create the file by
running the following:
cat > /etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/resolv.conf
domain <Your Domain Name>
nameserver <IP address of your primary nameserver>
nameserver <IP address of your secondary nameserver>
# End /etc/resolv.conf
EOF
The domain
statement can be
omitted or replaced with a search
statement. See the man page for
resolv.conf for more details.
Replace <IP address of the
nameserver>
with the IP address of the DNS
most appropriate for the setup. There will often be more than
one entry (requirements demand secondary servers for fallback
capability). If you only need or want one DNS server, remove
the second nameserver
line from the file. The IP address may also be a router on
the local network.
The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4.
During the boot process, the file /etc/hostname
is used for establishing the
system's hostname.
Create the /etc/hostname
file
and enter a hostname by running:
echo "<lfs>
" > /etc/hostname
<lfs>
needs
to be replaced with the name given to the computer. Do not
enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) here. That
information is put in the /etc/hosts
file.
Decide on the IP address, fully-qualified domain name (FQDN),
and possible aliases for use in the /etc/hosts
file. The syntax is:
IP_address myhost.example.org aliases
Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e., there is a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP addresses—most users do not have this), make sure that the IP address is in the private network IP address range. Valid ranges are:
Private Network Address Range Normal Prefix
10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 8
172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254 16
192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254 24
x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number in the range 0-255.
A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1. A valid FQDN for this IP could be lfs.example.org.
Even if not using a network card, a valid FQDN is still required. This is necessary for certain programs to operate correctly.
Create the /etc/hosts
file by
running:
cat > /etc/hosts << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
127.0.1.1 <FQDN>
<HOSTNAME>
<192.168.1.1>
<FQDN>
<HOSTNAME>
[alias1] [alias2 ...]
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
# End /etc/hosts
EOF
The <192.168.1.1>
,
<FQDN>
, and
<HOSTNAME>
values need to be changed for specific uses or requirements
(if assigned an IP address by a network/system administrator
and the machine will be connected to an existing network).
The optional alias name(s) can be omitted.
Linux uses a special booting facility named SysVinit that is based on a concept of run-levels. It can be quite different from one system to another, so it cannot be assumed that because things worked in one particular Linux distribution, they should work the same in LFS too. LFS has its own way of doing things, but it respects generally accepted standards.
SysVinit (which will be referred to as “init”
from now on) works using a run-levels scheme. There are seven
(numbered 0 to 6) run-levels (actually, there are more
run-levels, but they are for special cases and are generally
not used. See init(8)
for more
details), and each one of those corresponds to the actions
the computer is supposed to perform when it starts up. The
default run-level is 3. Here are the descriptions of the
different run-levels as they are implemented:
0: halt the computer
1: single-user mode
2: multi-user mode without networking
3: multi-user mode with networking
4: reserved for customization, otherwise does the same as 3
5: same as 4, it is usually used for GUI login (like X's xdm or KDE's kdm)
6: reboot the computer
During the kernel initialization, the first program that is
run is either specified on the command line or, by default
init. This
program reads the initialization file /etc/inittab
. Create this file with:
cat > /etc/inittab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inittab
id:3:initdefault:
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc S
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600
# End /etc/inittab
EOF
An explanation of this initialization file is in the man page
for inittab. For LFS,
the key command that is run is rc. The initialization file
above will instruct rc to run all the scripts
starting with an S in the /etc/rc.d/rcS.d
directory followed by all
the scripts starting with an S in the /etc/rc.d/rc?.d
directory where the
question mark is specified by the initdefault value.
As a convenience, the rc script reads a library
of functions in /lib/lsb/init-functions
. This library also
reads an optional configuration file, /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
. Any of the system
configuration file parameters described in subsequent
sections can be alternatively placed in this file allowing
consolidation of all system parameters in this one file.
As a debugging convenience, the functions script also logs
all output to /run/var/bootlog
.
Since the /run
directory is a
tmpfs, this file is not persistent across boots, however it
is appended to the more permanent file /var/log/boot.log
at the end of the boot
process.
Changing run-levels is done with init <runlevel>
,
where <runlevel>
is the
target run-level. For example, to reboot the computer, a
user could issue the init
6 command, which is an alias for the
reboot
command. Likewise, init
0 is an alias for the halt command.
There are a number of directories under /etc/rc.d
that look like rc?.d
(where ? is the number of the
run-level) and rcsysinit.d
,
all containing a number of symbolic links. Some begin with
a K, the others
begin with an S, and
all of them have two numbers following the initial letter.
The K means to stop (kill) a service and the S means to
start a service. The numbers determine the order in which
the scripts are run, from 00 to 99—the lower the
number the earlier it gets executed. When init switches to another
run-level, the appropriate services are either started or
stopped, depending on the runlevel chosen.
The real scripts are in /etc/rc.d/init.d
. They do the actual
work, and the symlinks all point to them. K links and S
links point to the same script in /etc/rc.d/init.d
. This is because the
scripts can be called with different parameters like
start
, stop
, restart
, reload
, and status
. When a K link is
encountered, the appropriate script is run with the
stop
argument. When
an S link is encountered, the appropriate script is run
with the start
argument.
There is one exception to this explanation. Links that
start with an S in
the rc0.d
and rc6.d
directories will not cause anything
to be started. They will be called with the parameter
stop
to stop
something. The logic behind this is that when a user is
going to reboot or halt the system, nothing needs to be
started. The system only needs to be stopped.
These are descriptions of what the arguments make the scripts do:
start
The service is started.
stop
The service is stopped.
restart
The service is stopped and then started again.
reload
The configuration of the service is updated. This is used after the configuration file of a service was modified, when the service does not need to be restarted.
status
Tells if the service is running and with which PIDs.
Feel free to modify the way the boot process works (after all, it is your own LFS system). The files given here are an example of how it can be done.
The /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev
initscript starts udevd, triggers any
"coldplug" devices that have already been created by the
kernel and waits for any rules to complete. The script also
unsets the uevent handler from the default of /sbin/hotplug
. This is done because the
kernel no longer needs to call out to an external binary.
Instead udevd
will listen on a netlink socket for uevents that the kernel
raises.
The /etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry
initscript takes care of re-triggering events for subsystems
whose rules may rely on filesystems that are not mounted
until the mountfs script is run (in
particular, /usr
and
/var
may cause this). This
script runs after the mountfs script, so those
rules (if re-triggered) should succeed the second time
around. It is configured from the /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry
file; any words
in this file other than comments are considered subsystem
names to trigger at retry time. To find the subsystem of a
device, use udevadm info
--attribute-walk <device> where
<device> is an absolute path in /dev or /sys such as
/dev/sr0 or /sys/class/rtc.
For information on kernel module loading and udev, see Section 9.3.2.3, “Module Loading”.
The setclock
script reads the time from the hardware clock, also known as
the BIOS or the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) clock. If the hardware clock is set to UTC, this
script will convert the hardware clock's time to the local
time using the /etc/localtime
file (which tells the hwclock program which
timezone to use). There is no way to detect whether or not
the hardware clock is set to UTC, so this needs to be
configured manually.
The setclock program is run via udev when the kernel detects the hardware capability upon boot. It can also be run manually with the stop parameter to store the system time to the CMOS clock.
If you cannot remember whether or not the hardware clock is
set to UTC, find out by running the hwclock --localtime --show
command. This will display what the current time is according
to the hardware clock. If this time matches whatever your
watch says, then the hardware clock is set to local time. If
the output from hwclock is not local time,
chances are it is set to UTC time. Verify this by adding or
subtracting the proper amount of hours for the timezone to
the time shown by hwclock. For example, if
you are currently in the MST timezone, which is also known as
GMT -0700, add seven hours to the local time.
Change the value of the UTC
variable below to a value of 0
(zero) if the hardware clock
is NOT set to UTC
time.
Create a new file /etc/sysconfig/clock
by running the
following:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock
UTC=1
# Set this to any options you might need to give to hwclock,
# such as machine hardware clock type for Alphas.
CLOCKPARAMS=
# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
EOF
A good hint explaining how to deal with time on LFS is
available at
https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/time.txt.
It explains issues such as time zones, UTC, and the
TZ
environment variable.
The CLOCKPARAMS and UTC parameters may also be set in the
/etc/sysconfig/rc.site
file.
This section discusses how to configure the console bootscript that
sets up the keyboard map, console font, and console kernel
log level. If non-ASCII characters (e.g., the copyright sign,
the British pound sign and Euro symbol) will not be used and
the keyboard is a U.S. one, much of this section can be
skipped. Without the configuration file, (or equivalent
settings in rc.site
), the
console
bootscript will do nothing.
The console
script reads the /etc/sysconfig/console
file for
configuration information. Decide which keymap and screen
font will be used. Various language-specific HOWTOs can also
help with this, see http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/other-lang.html.
If still in doubt, look in the /usr/share/keymaps
and /usr/share/consolefonts
directories for
valid keymaps and screen fonts. Read loadkeys(1)
and setfont(8)
manual pages to determine the
correct arguments for these programs.
The /etc/sysconfig/console
file
should contain lines of the form: VARIABLE="value". The
following variables are recognized:
This variable specifies the log level for kernel messages sent to the console as set by dmesg -n. Valid levels are from "1" (no messages) to "8". The default level is "7".
This variable specifies the arguments for the loadkeys program, typically, the name of keymap to load, e.g., “it”. If this variable is not set, the bootscript will not run the loadkeys program, and the default kernel keymap will be used. Note that a few keymaps have multiple versions with the same name (cz and its variants in qwerty/ and qwertz/, es in olpc/ and qwerty/, and trf in fgGIod/ and qwerty/). In these cases the parent directory should also be specified (e.g. qwerty/es) to ensure the proper keymap is loaded.
This (rarely used) variable specifies the arguments for the second call to the loadkeys program. This is useful if the stock keymap is not completely satisfactory and a small adjustment has to be made. E.g., to include the Euro sign into a keymap that normally doesn't have it, set this variable to “euro2”.
This variable specifies the arguments for the setfont program. Typically, this includes the font name, “-m”, and the name of the application character map to load. E.g., in order to load the “lat1-16” font together with the “8859-1” application character map (as it is appropriate in the USA), set this variable to “lat1-16 -m 8859-1”. In UTF-8 mode, the kernel uses the application character map for conversion of composed 8-bit key codes in the keymap to UTF-8, and thus the argument of the "-m" parameter should be set to the encoding of the composed key codes in the keymap.
Set this variable to “1”, “yes” or “true” in order to put the console into UTF-8 mode. This is useful in UTF-8 based locales and harmful otherwise.
For many keyboard layouts, there is no stock Unicode keymap in the Kbd package. The console bootscript will convert an available keymap to UTF-8 on the fly if this variable is set to the encoding of the available non-UTF-8 keymap.
Some examples:
For a non-Unicode setup, only the KEYMAP and FONT variables are generally needed. E.g., for a Polish setup, one would use:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
KEYMAP="pl2"
FONT="lat2a-16 -m 8859-2"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console
EOF
As mentioned above, it is sometimes necessary to adjust a stock keymap slightly. The following example adds the Euro symbol to the German keymap:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15"
UNICODE="1"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console
EOF
The following is a Unicode-enabled example for Bulgarian, where a stock UTF-8 keymap exists:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console
EOF
Due to the use of a 512-glyph LatArCyrHeb-16 font in the previous example, bright colors are no longer available on the Linux console unless a framebuffer is used. If one wants to have bright colors without a framebuffer and can live without characters not belonging to his language, it is still possible to use a language-specific 256-glyph font, as illustrated below:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="bg_bds-utf8"
FONT="cyr-sun16"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console
EOF
The following example illustrates keymap autoconversion from ISO-8859-15 to UTF-8 and enabling dead keys in Unicode mode:
cat > /etc/sysconfig/console << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/console
UNICODE="1"
KEYMAP="de-latin1"
KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2"
LEGACY_CHARSET="iso-8859-15"
FONT="LatArCyrHeb-16 -m 8859-15"
# End /etc/sysconfig/console
EOF
Some keymaps have dead keys (i.e., keys that don't produce a character by themselves, but put an accent on the character produced by the next key) or define composition rules (such as: “press Ctrl+. A E to get �” in the default keymap). Linux-5.16.9 interprets dead keys and composition rules in the keymap correctly only when the source characters to be composed together are not multibyte. This deficiency doesn't affect keymaps for European languages, because there accents are added to unaccented ASCII characters, or two ASCII characters are composed together. However, in UTF-8 mode it is a problem; e.g., for the Greek language, where one sometimes needs to put an accent on the letter “alpha”. The solution is either to avoid the use of UTF-8, or to install the X window system that doesn't have this limitation in its input handling.
For Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and some other languages, the Linux console cannot be configured to display the needed characters. Users who need such languages should install the X Window System, fonts that cover the necessary character ranges, and the proper input method (e.g., SCIM, supports a wide variety of languages).
The /etc/sysconfig/console
file only controls the Linux text console localization. It
has nothing to do with setting the proper keyboard layout
and terminal fonts in the X Window System, with ssh
sessions, or with a serial console. In such situations,
limitations mentioned in the last two list items above do
not apply.
At times, it is desirable to create files at boot time. For
instance, the /tmp/.ICE-unix
directory is often needed. This can be done by creating an
entry in the /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
configuration
script. The format of this file is embedded in the comments
of the default configuration file.
The sysklogd
script invokes the
syslogd program
as a part of System V initialization. The -m 0
option turns off the
periodic timestamp mark that syslogd writes to the log
files every 20 minutes by default. If you want to turn on
this periodic timestamp mark, edit /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
and define the
variable SYSKLOGD_PARMS to the desired value. For instance,
to remove all parameters, set the variable to a null value:
SYSKLOGD_PARMS=
See man
syslogd
for more options.
The optional /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
file contains
settings that are automatically set for each SystemV boot
script. It can alternatively set the values specified in the
hostname
, console
, and clock
files in the /etc/sysconfig/
directory. If the
associated variables are present in both these separate files
and rc.site
, the values in the
script specific files have precedence.
rc.site
also contains
parameters that can customize other aspects of the boot
process. Setting the IPROMPT variable will enable selective
running of bootscripts. Other options are described in the
file comments. The default version of the file is as follows:
# rc.site # Optional parameters for boot scripts. # Distro Information # These values, if specified here, override the defaults #DISTRO="Linux From Scratch" # The distro name #DISTRO_CONTACT="[email protected]" # Bug report address #DISTRO_MINI="LFS" # Short name used in filenames for distro config # Define custom colors used in messages printed to the screen # Please consult `man console_codes` for more information # under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section # # Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font, # the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to # the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font. This does # not affect framebuffer consoles # These values, if specified here, override the defaults #BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Blue #FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Red #INFO="\\033[1;36m" # Cyan #NORMAL="\\033[0;39m" # Grey #SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Green #WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Yellow # Use a colored prefix # These values, if specified here, override the defaults #BMPREFIX=" " #SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS} * ${NORMAL} " #FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL} " #WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL} " # Manually seet the right edge of message output (characters) # Useful when resetting console font during boot to override # automatic screen width detection #COLUMNS=120 # Interactive startup #IPROMPT="yes" # Whether to display the interactive boot prompt #itime="3" # The amount of time (in seconds) to display the prompt # The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes #wlen=$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c ) #welcome_message="Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}" # The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes #ilen=$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c ) #i_message="Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup" # Set scripts to skip the file system check on reboot #FASTBOOT=yes # Skip reading from the console #HEADLESS=yes # Write out fsck progress if yes #VERBOSE_FSCK=no # Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev #OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y # Speed up boot without waiting for settle in udev_retry #OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=yes # Skip cleaning /tmp if yes #SKIPTMPCLEAN=no # For setclock #UTC=1 #CLOCKPARAMS= # For consolelog (Note that the default, 7=debug, is noisy) #LOGLEVEL=7 # For network #HOSTNAME=mylfs # Delay between TERM and KILL signals at shutdown #KILLDELAY=3 # Optional sysklogd parameters #SYSKLOGD_PARMS="-m 0" # Console parameters #UNICODE=1 #KEYMAP="de-latin1" #KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS="euro2" #FONT="lat0-16 -m 8859-15" #LEGACY_CHARSET=
The LFS boot scripts boot and shut down a system in a
fairly efficient manner, but there are a few tweaks that
you can make in the rc.site file to improve speed even more
and to adjust messages according to your preferences. To do
this, adjust the settings in the /etc/sysconfig/rc.site
file above.
During the boot script udev
, there is a call to
udev
settle that requires some time to
complete. This time may or may not be required
depending on devices present in the system. If you
only have simple partitions and a single ethernet
card, the boot process will probably not need to wait
for this command. To skip it, set the variable
OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE=y.
The boot script udev_retry
also runs udev settle by
default. This command is only needed by default if
the /var
directory is
separately mounted. This is because the clock needs
the file /var/lib/hwclock/adjtime
. Other
customizations may also need to wait for udev to
complete, but in many installations it is not needed.
Skip the command by setting the variable
OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE=y.
By default, the file system checks are silent. This can appear to be a delay during the bootup process. To turn on the fsck output, set the variable VERBOSE_FSCK=y.
When rebooting, you may want to skip the filesystem
check, fsck, completely.
To do this, either create the file /fastboot
or reboot the system with
the command /sbin/shutdown -f -r
now. On the other hand, you can force
all file systems to be checked by creating
/forcefsck
or running
shutdown with the
-F
parameter
instead of -f
.
Setting the variable FASTBOOT=y will disable fsck during the boot process until it is removed. This is not recommended on a permanent basis.
Normally, all files in the /tmp
directory are deleted at boot
time. Depending on the number of files or directories
present, this can cause a noticeable delay in the
boot process. To skip removing these files set the
variable SKIPTMPCLEAN=y.
During shutdown, the init program sends a TERM signal to each program it has started (e.g. agetty), waits for a set time (default 3 seconds), and sends each process a KILL signal and waits again. This process is repeated in the sendsignals script for any processes that are not shut down by their own scripts. The delay for init can be set by passing a parameter. For example to remove the delay in init, pass the -t0 parameter when shutting down or rebooting (e.g. /sbin/shutdown -t0 -r now). The delay for the sendsignals script can be skipped by setting the parameter KILLDELAY=0.
The shell program /bin/bash (hereafter referred
to as “the
shell”) uses a collection of startup files
to help create an environment to run in. Each file has a
specific use and may affect login and interactive environments
differently. The files in the /etc
directory provide global settings. If an
equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override
the global settings.
An interactive login shell is started after a successful login,
using /bin/login,
by reading the /etc/passwd
file.
An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line
(e.g., [prompt]$
/bin/bash). A non-interactive
shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is
non-interactive because it is processing a script and not
waiting for user input between commands.
For more information, see info bash under the Bash Startup Files and Interactive Shells section.
The files /etc/profile
and
~/.bash_profile
are read when the
shell is invoked as an interactive login shell.
The base /etc/profile
below sets
some environment variables necessary for native language
support. Setting them properly results in:
The output of programs translated into the native language
Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other classes. This is necessary for bash to properly accept non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales
The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country
Appropriate default paper size
Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values
Replace <ll>
below with the two-letter code for the desired language (e.g.,
“en”) and <CC>
with the two-letter
code for the appropriate country (e.g., “GB”).
<charmap>
should be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen
locale. Optional modifiers such as “@euro”
may also be present.
The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running the following command:
locale -a
Charmaps can have a number of aliases, e.g., “ISO-8859-1” is also referred to as
“iso8859-1” and “iso88591”. Some applications cannot
handle the various synonyms correctly (e.g., require that
“UTF-8” is written as “UTF-8”,
not “utf8”), so it is safest in most
cases to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To
determine the canonical name, run the following command, where
<locale name>
is the output given by locale
-a for your preferred locale (“en_GB.iso88591” in our example).
LC_ALL=<locale name>
locale charmap
For the “en_GB.iso88591” locale, the above command will print:
ISO-8859-1
This results in a final locale setting of “en_GB.ISO-8859-1”. It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior to it being added to the Bash startup files:
LC_ALL=<locale name> locale language LC_ALL=<locale name> locale charmap LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_curr_symbol LC_ALL=<locale name> locale int_prefix
The above commands should print the language name, the character encoding used by the locale, the local currency, and the prefix to dial before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means that your locale was either not installed in Section 8.5, “Glibc-2.35” or is not supported by the default installation of Glibc.
locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory
If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the localedef command, or consider choosing a different locale. Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from Glibc.
Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations. In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale might provide some useful information.
Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create
the /etc/profile
file:
cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/profile
export LANG=<ll>_<CC>.<charmap><@modifiers>
# End /etc/profile
EOF
The “C” (default) and “en_US.utf8” (the recommended one for United States English users) locales are different. “C” uses the US-ASCII 7-bit character set, and treats bytes with the high bit set as invalid characters. That's why, e.g., the ls command substitutes them with question marks in that locale. Also, an attempt to send mail with such characters from Mutt or Pine results in non-RFC-conforming messages being sent (the charset in the outgoing mail is indicated as “unknown 8-bit”). So you can use the “C” locale only if you are sure that you will never need 8-bit characters.
UTF-8 based locales are not supported well by some programs. Work is in progress to document and, if possible, fix such problems, see https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/introduction/locale-issues.html.
The inputrc
file is the
configuration file for the readline library, which provides
editing capabilities while the user is entering a line from the
terminal. It works by translating keyboard inputs into specific
actions. Readline is used by bash and most other shells as well
as many other applications.
Most people do not need user-specific functionality so the
command below creates a global /etc/inputrc
used by everyone who logs in. If
you later decide you need to override the defaults on a per
user basis, you can create a .inputrc
file in the user's home directory
with the modified mappings.
For more information on how to edit the inputrc
file, see info bash under the
Readline Init File
section. info
readline is also a good source of information.
Below is a generic global inputrc
along with comments to explain what the various options do.
Note that comments cannot be on the same line as commands.
Create the file using the following command:
cat > /etc/inputrc << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inputrc
# Modified by Chris Lynn <[email protected]>
# Allow the command prompt to wrap to the next line
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
# Enable 8bit input
set meta-flag On
set input-meta On
# Turns off 8th bit stripping
set convert-meta Off
# Keep the 8th bit for display
set output-meta On
# none, visible or audible
set bell-style none
# All of the following map the escape sequence of the value
# contained in the 1st argument to the readline specific functions
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word
# for linux console
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert
# for xterm
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line
# for Konsole
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line
# End /etc/inputrc
EOF
The shells
file contains a list
of login shells on the system. Applications use this file to
determine whether a shell is valid. For each shell a single
line should be present, consisting of the shell's path relative
to the root of the directory structure (/).
For example, this file is consulted by chsh to determine whether an unprivileged user may change the login shell for her own account. If the command name is not listed, the user will be denied the ability to change shells.
It is a requirement for applications such as GDM which does not populate the face
browser if it can't find /etc/shells
, or FTP daemons which
traditionally disallow access to users with shells not included
in this file.
cat > /etc/shells << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/shells
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
# End /etc/shells
EOF
It is time to make the LFS system bootable. This chapter
discusses creating the /etc/fstab
file, building a kernel for the new LFS system, and installing
the GRUB boot loader so that the LFS system can be selected for
booting at startup.
The /etc/fstab
file is used by
some programs to determine where file systems are to be mounted
by default, in which order, and which must be checked (for
integrity errors) prior to mounting. Create a new file systems
table like this:
cat > /etc/fstab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/fstab
# file system mount-point type options dump fsck
# order
/dev/<xxx>
/ <fff>
defaults 1 1
/dev/<yyy>
swap swap pri=1 0 0
proc /proc proc nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs defaults 0 0
devtmpfs /dev devtmpfs mode=0755,nosuid 0 0
# End /etc/fstab
EOF
Replace <xxx>
,
<yyy>
, and
<fff>
with the
values appropriate for the system, for example, sda2
, sda5
, and
ext4
. For details on the six
fields in this file, see man 5
fstab.
Filesystems with MS-DOS or Windows origin (i.e. vfat, ntfs,
smbfs, cifs, iso9660, udf) need a special option, utf8, in
order for non-ASCII characters in file names to be interpreted
properly. For non-UTF-8 locales, the value of iocharset
should be set to be the same as the
character set of the locale, adjusted in such a way that the
kernel understands it. This works if the relevant character set
definition (found under File systems -> Native Language
Support when configuring the kernel) has been compiled into the
kernel or built as a module. However, if the character set of
the locale is UTF-8, the corresponding option iocharset=utf8
would make the file system case
sensitive. To fix this, use the special option utf8
instead of iocharset=utf8
, for UTF-8 locales. The
“codepage” option is also needed for
vfat and smbfs filesystems. It should be set to the codepage
number used under MS-DOS in your country. For example, in order
to mount USB flash drives, a ru_RU.KOI8-R user would need the
following in the options portion of its mount line in
/etc/fstab
:
noauto,user,quiet,showexec,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8r
The corresponding options fragment for ru_RU.UTF-8 users is:
noauto,user,quiet,showexec,codepage=866,utf8
Note that using iocharset
is the
default for iso8859-1
(which keeps
the file system case insensitive), and the utf8
option tells the kernel to convert the
file names using UTF-8 so they can be interpreted in the UTF-8
locale.
It is also possible to specify default codepage and iocharset
values for some filesystems during kernel configuration. The
relevant parameters are named “Default NLS
Option” (CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT)
, “Default Remote NLS
Option” (CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT
), “Default codepage for
FAT” (CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_CODEPAGE
), and “Default iocharset for
FAT” (CONFIG_FAT_DEFAULT_IOCHARSET
). There is no way
to specify these settings for the ntfs filesystem at kernel
compilation time.
It is possible to make the ext3 filesystem reliable across
power failures for some hard disk types. To do this, add the
barrier=1
mount option to the
appropriate entry in /etc/fstab
.
To check if the disk drive supports this option, run
hdparm on the applicable disk drive. For example, if:
hdparm -I /dev/sda | grep NCQ
returns non-empty output, the option is supported.
Note: Logical Volume Management (LVM) based partitions cannot
use the barrier
option.
The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.
Building the kernel involves a few steps—configuration,
compilation, and installation. Read the README
file in the kernel source tree for
alternative methods to the way this book configures the
kernel.
Prepare for compilation by running the following command:
make mrproper
This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to each kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being clean after un-tarring.
There are several ways to configure the kernel options. Usually, This is done through a menu-driven interface, for example:
make menuconfig
The meaning of optional make environment variables:
LANG=<host_LANG_value>
LC_ALL=
This establishes the locale setting to the one used on the host. This may be needed for a proper menuconfig ncurses interface line drawing on a UTF-8 linux text console.
If used, be sure to replace <host_LANG_value>
by the value of the $LANG
variable from your host. You can alternatively use
instead the host's value of $LC_ALL
or $LC_CTYPE
.
This launches an ncurses menu-driven interface. For other (graphical) interfaces, type make help.
For general information on kernel configuration see https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt. BLFS has some information regarding particular kernel configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index. Additional information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at http://www.kroah.com/lkn/
A good starting place for setting up the kernel configuration is to run make defconfig. This will set the base configuration to a good state that takes your current system architecture into account.
Be sure to enable/disable/set the following features or the system might not work correctly or boot at all:
General setup --> < > Enable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [CONFIG_IKHEADERS] Device Drivers ---> Graphics support ---> Frame buffer Devices ---> [*] Support for frame buffer devices ---- Generic Driver Options ---> [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER] [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]
There are several other options that may be desired depending on the requirements for the system. For a list of options needed for BLFS packages, see the BLFS Index of Kernel Settings (https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/longindex.html#kernel-config-index).
If your host hardware is using UEFI and you wish to boot the LFS system with it, you should adjust some kernel configuration following the BLFS page.
The rationale for the above configuration items:
Enable
kernel headers through
/sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz
This will require cpio building the kernel. cpio is not installed by LFS.
Support
for uevent helper
Having this option set may interfere with device management when using Udev/Eudev.
Maintain a
devtmpfs
This will create automated device nodes which are populated by the kernel, even without Udev running. Udev then runs on top of this, managing permissions and adding symlinks. This configuration item is required for all users of Udev/Eudev.
Alternatively, make
oldconfig may be more appropriate in some
situations. See the README
file
for more information.
If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel
config file, .config
, from the
host system (assuming it is available) to the unpacked
linux-5.16.9
directory.
However, we do not recommend this option. It is often better
to explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel
configuration from scratch.
Compile the kernel image and modules:
make
If using kernel modules, module configuration in /etc/modprobe.d
may be required.
Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is
located in Section 9.3,
“Overview of Device and Module Handling” and
in the kernel documentation in the linux-5.16.9/Documentation
directory. Also,
modprobe.d(5)
may be of
interest.
Unless module support has been disabled in the kernel configuration, install the modules with:
make modules_install
After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are
required to complete the installation. Some files need to be
copied to the /boot
directory.
If the host system has a separate /boot partition, the files copied below should go there. The easiest way to do that is to bind /boot on the host (outside chroot) to /mnt/lfs/boot before proceeding. As the root user in the host system:
mount --bind /boot /mnt/lfs/boot
The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the platform being used. The filename below can be changed to suit your taste, but the stem of the filename should be vmlinuz to be compatible with the automatic setup of the boot process described in the next section. The following command assumes an x86 architecture:
cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-5.16.9-lfs-11.1
System.map
is a symbol file for
the kernel. It maps the function entry points of every
function in the kernel API, as well as the addresses of the
kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is used as
a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the
following command to install the map file:
cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-5.16.9
The kernel configuration file .config
produced by the make menuconfig step above
contains all the configuration selections for the kernel that
was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep this file for
future reference:
cp -iv .config /boot/config-5.16.9
Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:
install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-5.16.9 cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-5.16.9
It is important to note that the files in the kernel source directory are not owned by root. Whenever a package is unpacked as user root (like we did inside chroot), the files have the user and group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer. This is usually not a problem for any other package to be installed because the source tree is removed after the installation. However, the Linux source tree is often retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody on the machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel source.
In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to be updated for packages that will be installed later in BLFS. Unlike other packages, it is not necessary to remove the kernel source tree after the newly built kernel is installed.
If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run
chown -R 0:0
on the linux-5.16.9
directory
to ensure all files are owned by user root.
Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink
from /usr/src/linux
pointing
to the kernel source directory. This is specific to kernels
prior to the 2.6 series and must
not be created on an LFS system as it can cause
problems for packages you may wish to build once your base
LFS system is complete.
The headers in the system's include
directory (/usr/include
) should always be the ones against which
Glibc was compiled, that is, the sanitised headers
installed in Section 5.4,
“Linux-5.16.9 API Headers”. Therefore, they
should never be
replaced by either the raw kernel headers or any other
kernel sanitized headers.
Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but
sometimes it needs some specific direction. The program that
loads modules, modprobe or insmod, uses /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
for this purpose.
This file needs to be created so that if the USB drivers
(ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have been built as modules,
they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd needs to
be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a
warning being output at boot time.
Create a new file /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
by running the
following:
install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d
cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true
install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true
# End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
EOF
Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel |
|
The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the computer, the kernel is the first part of the operating system that gets loaded. It detects and initializes all components of the computer's hardware, then makes these components available as a tree of files to the software and turns a single CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running scores of programs seemingly at the same time |
|
A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points and addresses of all the functions and data structures in the kernel |
If your system has UEFI support and you wish to boot LFS with UEFI, you should skip this page, and config GRUB with UEFI support using the instructions provided in the BLFS page.
Configuring GRUB incorrectly can render your system inoperable without an alternate boot device such as a CD-ROM or bootable USB drive. This section is not required to boot your LFS system. You may just want to modify your current boot loader, e.g. Grub-Legacy, GRUB2, or LILO.
Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to “rescue” the computer if the
computer becomes unusable (un-bootable). If you do not
already have a boot device, you can create one. In order for
the procedure below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS
and install xorriso
from the
libisoburn package.
cd /tmp grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso
GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions
in the form of (hdn,m), where n is the hard drive number and
m is the partition
number. The hard drive number starts from zero, but the
partition number starts from one for normal partitions and
five for extended partitions. Note that this is different
from earlier versions where both numbers started from zero.
For example, partition sda1
is
(hd0,1) to GRUB and
sdb3
is (hd1,3). In contrast to Linux,
GRUB does not consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For
example, if using a CD on hdb
and a second hard drive on hdc
,
that second hard drive would still be (hd1).
GRUB works by writing data to the first physical track of the hard disk. This area is not part of any file system. The programs there access GRUB modules in the boot partition. The default location is /boot/grub/.
The location of the boot partition is a choice of the user
that affects the configuration. One recommendation is to have
a separate small (suggested size is 200 MB) partition just
for boot information. That way each build, whether LFS or
some commercial distro, can access the same boot files and
access can be made from any booted system. If you choose to
do this, you will need to mount the separate partition, move
all files in the current /boot
directory (e.g. the linux kernel you just built in the
previous section) to the new partition. You will then need to
unmount the partition and remount it as /boot
. If you do this, be sure to update
/etc/fstab
.
Using the current lfs partition will also work, but configuration for multiple systems is more difficult.
Using the above information, determine the appropriate
designator for the root partition (or boot partition, if a
separate one is used). For the following example, it is
assumed that the root (or separate boot) partition is
sda2
.
Install the GRUB files into /boot/grub
and set up the boot track:
The following command will overwrite the current boot loader. Do not run the command if this is not desired, for example, if using a third party boot manager to manage the Master Boot Record (MBR).
grub-install /dev/sda
If the system has been booted using UEFI, grub-install will try to
install files for the x86_64-efi target, but those
files have not been installed in Chapter 8.
If this is the case, add --target
i386-pc
to the command above.
Generate /boot/grub/grub.cfg
:
cat > /boot/grub/grub.cfg << "EOF"
# Begin /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set default=0
set timeout=5
insmod ext2
set root=(hd0,2)
menuentry "GNU/Linux, Linux 5.16.9-lfs-11.1" {
linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.16.9-lfs-11.1 root=/dev/sda2 ro
}
EOF
From GRUB's perspective, the kernel files are relative to the partition used. If you used a separate /boot partition, remove /boot from the above linux line. You will also need to change the set root line to point to the boot partition.
GRUB is an extremely powerful program and it provides a tremendous number of options for booting from a wide variety of devices, operating systems, and partition types. There are also many options for customization such as graphical splash screens, playing sounds, mouse input, etc. The details of these options are beyond the scope of this introduction.
There is a command, grub-mkconfig, that can write a configuration file automatically. It uses a set of scripts in /etc/grub.d/ and will destroy any customizations that you make. These scripts are designed primarily for non-source distributions and are not recommended for LFS. If you install a commercial Linux distribution, there is a good chance that this program will be run. Be sure to back up your grub.cfg file.
Well done! The new LFS system is installed! We wish you much success with your shiny new custom-built Linux system.
It may be a good idea to create an /etc/lfs-release
file. By having this file,
it is very easy for you (and for us if you need to ask for help
at some point) to find out which LFS version is installed on
the system. Create this file by running:
echo 11.1 > /etc/lfs-release
Two files describing the installed system may be used by packages that can be installed on the system later, either in binary form or by building them.
The first one shows the status of your new system with respect to the Linux Standards Base (LSB). To create this file, run:
cat > /etc/lsb-release << "EOF" DISTRIB_ID="Linux From Scratch" DISTRIB_RELEASE="11.1" DISTRIB_CODENAME="<your name here>" DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Linux From Scratch" EOF
The second one contains roughly the same information, and is used by systemd and some graphical desktop environments. To create this file, run:
cat > /etc/os-release << "EOF" NAME="Linux From Scratch" VERSION="11.1" ID=lfs PRETTY_NAME="Linux From Scratch 11.1" VERSION_CODENAME="<your name here>" EOF
Be sure to put some sort of customization for the fields 'DISTRIB_CODENAME' and 'VERSION_CODENAME' to make the system uniquely yours.
Now that you have finished the book, do you want to be counted as an LFS user? Head over to https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/cgi-bin/lfscounter.php and register as an LFS user by entering your name and the first LFS version you have used.
Let's reboot into LFS now.
Now that all of the software has been installed, it is time to reboot your computer. However, you should be aware of a few things. The system you have created in this book is quite minimal, and most likely will not have the functionality you would need to be able to continue forward. By installing a few extra packages from the BLFS book while still in our current chroot environment, you can leave yourself in a much better position to continue on once you reboot into your new LFS installation. Here are some suggestions:
A text mode browser such as Lynx will allow you to easily view the BLFS book in one virtual terminal, while building packages in another.
The make-ca package will allow you to set up local trusted anchor certificates, allowing the system to verify SSL certificates provided by remote servers (for example, a website using HTTPS).
The GPM package will allow you to perform copy/paste actions in your virtual terminals.
If you are in a situation where static IP configuration does not meet your networking requirements, installing a package such as dhcpcd or the client portion of dhcp may be useful.
Installing sudo may be useful for building packages as a non-root user and easily installing the resulting packages in your new system.
If you want to access your new system from a remote system within a comfortable GUI environment, install openssh.
To make fetching files over the internet easier, install wget.
To connect to a wireless access point for networking, install wpa_supplicant.
Finally, a review of the following configuration files is also appropriate at this point.
/etc/bashrc
/etc/dircolors
/etc/fstab
/etc/hosts
/etc/inputrc
/etc/profile
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/vimrc
/root/.bash_profile
/root/.bashrc
/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0
Now that we have said that, let's move on to booting our shiny new LFS installation for the first time! First exit from the chroot environment:
logout
Then unmount the virtual file systems:
umount -v $LFS/dev/pts umount -v $LFS/dev umount -v $LFS/run umount -v $LFS/proc umount -v $LFS/sys
If multiple partitions were created, unmount the other partitions before unmounting the main one, like this:
umount -v $LFS/usr umount -v $LFS/home umount -v $LFS
Unmount the LFS file system itself:
umount -v $LFS
Now, reboot the system with:
shutdown -r now
Assuming the GRUB boot loader was set up as outlined earlier, the menu is set to boot LFS 11.1 automatically.
When the reboot is complete, the LFS system is ready for use and more software may be added to suit your needs.
Thank you for reading this LFS book. We hope that you have found this book helpful and have learned more about the system creation process.
Now that the LFS system is installed, you may be wondering “What next?” To answer that question, we have compiled a list of resources for you.
Maintenance
Bugs and security notices are reported regularly for all software. Since an LFS system is compiled from source, it is up to you to keep abreast of such reports. There are several online resources that track such reports, some of which are shown below:
CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team)
CERT has a mailing list that publishes security alerts concerning various operating systems and applications. Subscription information is available at http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/signup.html.
Bugtraq
Bugtraq is a full-disclosure computer security mailing list. It publishes newly discovered security issues, and occasionally potential fixes for them. Subscription information is available at http://www.securityfocus.com/archive.
Beyond Linux From Scratch
The Beyond Linux From Scratch book covers installation procedures for a wide range of software beyond the scope of the LFS Book. The BLFS project is located at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/11.1/.
LFS Hints
The LFS Hints are a collection of educational documents submitted by volunteers in the LFS community. The hints are available at https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/.
Mailing lists
There are several LFS mailing lists you may subscribe to if you are in need of help, want to stay current with the latest developments, want to contribute to the project, and more. See Chapter 1 - Mailing Lists for more information.
The Linux Documentation Project
The goal of The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) is to collaborate on all of the issues of Linux documentation. The TLDP features a large collection of HOWTOs, guides, and man pages. It is located at http://www.tldp.org/.
ABI |
Application Binary Interface |
ALFS |
Automated Linux From Scratch |
API |
Application Programming Interface |
ASCII |
American Standard Code for Information Interchange |
BIOS |
Basic Input/Output System |
BLFS |
Beyond Linux From Scratch |
BSD |
Berkeley Software Distribution |
chroot |
change root |
CMOS |
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor |
COS |
Class Of Service |
CPU |
Central Processing Unit |
CRC |
Cyclic Redundancy Check |
CVS |
Concurrent Versions System |
DHCP |
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol |
DNS |
Domain Name Service |
EGA |
Enhanced Graphics Adapter |
ELF |
Executable and Linkable Format |
EOF |
End of File |
EQN |
equation |
ext2 |
second extended file system |
ext3 |
third extended file system |
ext4 |
fourth extended file system |
FAQ |
Frequently Asked Questions |
FHS |
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard |
FIFO |
First-In, First Out |
FQDN |
Fully Qualified Domain Name |
FTP |
File Transfer Protocol |
GB |
Gigabytes |
GCC |
GNU Compiler Collection |
GID |
Group Identifier |
GMT |
Greenwich Mean Time |
HTML |
Hypertext Markup Language |
IDE |
Integrated Drive Electronics |
IEEE |
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers |
IO |
Input/Output |
IP |
Internet Protocol |
IPC |
Inter-Process Communication |
IRC |
Internet Relay Chat |
ISO |
International Organization for Standardization |
ISP |
Internet Service Provider |
KB |
Kilobytes |
LED |
Light Emitting Diode |
LFS |
Linux From Scratch |
LSB |
Linux Standard Base |
MB |
Megabytes |
MBR |
Master Boot Record |
MD5 |
Message Digest 5 |
NIC |
Network Interface Card |
NLS |
Native Language Support |
NNTP |
Network News Transport Protocol |
NPTL |
Native POSIX Threading Library |
OSS |
Open Sound System |
PCH |
Pre-Compiled Headers |
PCRE |
Perl Compatible Regular Expression |
PID |
Process Identifier |
PTY |
pseudo terminal |
QOS |
Quality Of Service |
RAM |
Random Access Memory |
RPC |
Remote Procedure Call |
RTC |
Real Time Clock |
SBU |
Standard Build Unit |
SCO |
The Santa Cruz Operation |
SHA1 |
Secure-Hash Algorithm 1 |
TLDP |
The Linux Documentation Project |
TFTP |
Trivial File Transfer Protocol |
TLS |
Thread-Local Storage |
UID |
User Identifier |
umask |
user file-creation mask |
USB |
Universal Serial Bus |
UTC |
Coordinated Universal Time |
UUID |
Universally Unique Identifier |
VC |
Virtual Console |
VGA |
Video Graphics Array |
VT |
Virtual Terminal |
We would like to thank the following people and organizations for their contributions to the Linux From Scratch Project.
Gerard Beekmans <gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Creator
Bruce Dubbs <bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Managing Editor
Jim Gifford <jim AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – CLFS Project Co-Leader
Pierre Labastie <pierre AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Editor and ALFS Lead
DJ Lucas <dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS and BLFS Editor
Ken Moffat <ken AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Editor
Countless other people on the various LFS and BLFS mailing lists who helped make this book possible by giving their suggestions, testing the book, and submitting bug reports, instructions, and their experiences with installing various packages.
Manuel Canales Esparcia <macana AT macana-es D0T com> – Spanish LFS translation project
Johan Lenglet <johan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – French LFS translation project until 2008
Jean-Philippe Mengual <jmengual AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – French LFS translation project 2008-2016
Julien Lepiller <jlepiller AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – French LFS translation project 2017-present
Anderson Lizardo <lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Portuguese LFS translation project
Thomas Reitelbach <tr AT erdfunkstelle D0T de> – German LFS translation project
Anton Maisak <info AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru> – Russian LFS translation project
Elena Shevcova <helen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru> – Russian LFS translation project
Scott Kveton <scott AT osuosl D0T org> – lfs.oregonstate.edu mirror
William Astle <lost AT l-w D0T net> – ca.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
Eujon Sellers <[email protected]> – lfs.introspeed.com mirror
Justin Knierim <[email protected]> – lfs-matrix.net mirror
Manuel Canales Esparcia <manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – lfsmirror.lfs-es.info mirror
Luis Falcon <Luis Falcon> – torredehanoi.org mirror
Guido Passet <guido AT primerelay D0T net> – nl.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
Bastiaan Jacques <baafie AT planet D0T nl> – lfs.pagefault.net mirror
Sven Cranshoff <sven D0T cranshoff AT lineo D0T be> – lfs.lineo.be mirror
Scarlet Belgium – lfs.scarlet.be mirror
Sebastian Faulborn <info AT aliensoft D0T org> – lfs.aliensoft.org mirror
Stuart Fox <stuart AT dontuse D0T ms> – lfs.dontuse.ms mirror
Ralf Uhlemann <admin AT realhost D0T de> – lfs.oss-mirror.org mirror
Antonin Sprinzl <Antonin D0T Sprinzl AT tuwien D0T ac D0T at> – at.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
Fredrik Danerklint <fredan-lfs AT fredan D0T org> – se.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
Franck <franck AT linuxpourtous D0T com> – lfs.linuxpourtous.com mirror
Philippe Baque <baque AT cict D0T fr> – lfs.cict.fr mirror
Vitaly Chekasin <gyouja AT pilgrims D0T ru> – lfs.pilgrims.ru mirror
Benjamin Heil <kontakt AT wankoo D0T org> – lfs.wankoo.org mirror
Anton Maisak <info AT linuxfromscratch D0T org D0T ru> – linuxfromscratch.org.ru mirror
Satit Phermsawang <satit AT wbac D0T ac D0T th> – lfs.phayoune.org mirror
Shizunet Co.,Ltd. <info AT shizu-net D0T jp> – lfs.mirror.shizu-net.jp mirror
Init World <http://www.initworld.com/> – lfs.initworld.com mirror
Jason Andrade <jason AT dstc D0T edu D0T au> – au.linuxfromscratch.org mirror
Christine Barczak <theladyskye AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Book Editor
Archaic <[email protected]> – LFS Technical Writer/Editor, HLFS Project Leader, BLFS Editor, Hints and Patches Project Maintainer
Matthew Burgess <matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Project Leader, LFS Technical Writer/Editor
Nathan Coulson <nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS-Bootscripts Maintainer
Timothy Bauscher
Robert Briggs
Ian Chilton
Jeroen Coumans <jeroen AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Website Developer, FAQ Maintainer
Manuel Canales Esparcia <manuel AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS/BLFS/HLFS XML and XSL Maintainer
Alex Groenewoud – LFS Technical Writer
Marc Heerdink
Jeremy Huntwork <jhuntwork AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer, LFS LiveCD Maintainer
Bryan Kadzban <bryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer
Mark Hymers
Seth W. Klein – FAQ maintainer
Nicholas Leippe <nicholas AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Wiki Maintainer
Anderson Lizardo <lizardo AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Website Backend-Scripts Maintainer
Randy McMurchy <randy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Project Leader, LFS Editor
Dan Nicholson <dnicholson AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS and BLFS Editor
Alexander E. Patrakov <alexander AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer, LFS Internationalization Editor, LFS Live CD Maintainer
Simon Perreault
Scot Mc Pherson <scot AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS NNTP Gateway Maintainer
Douglas R. Reno <renodr AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Systemd Editor
Ryan Oliver <ryan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – CLFS Project Co-Leader
Greg Schafer <gschafer AT zip D0T com D0T au> – LFS Technical Writer and Architect of the Next Generation 64-bit-enabling Build Method
Jesse Tie-Ten-Quee – LFS Technical Writer
James Robertson <jwrober AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – Bugzilla Maintainer
Tushar Teredesai <tushar AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – BLFS Book Editor, Hints and Patches Project Leader
Jeremy Utley <jeremy AT linuxfromscratch D0T org> – LFS Technical Writer, Bugzilla Maintainer, LFS-Bootscripts Maintainer
Zack Winkles <zwinkles AT gmail D0T com> – LFS Technical Writer
Every package built in LFS relies on one or more other packages in order to build and install properly. Some packages even participate in circular dependencies, that is, the first package depends on the second which in turn depends on the first. Because of these dependencies, the order in which packages are built in LFS is very important. The purpose of this page is to document the dependencies of each package built in LFS.
For each package that is built, there are three, and sometimes up to five types of dependencies listed below. The first lists what other packages need to be available in order to compile and install the package in question. The second lists the packages that must be available when any programs or libraries from the package are used at runtime. The third lists what packages, in addition to those on the first list, need to be available in order to run the test suites. The fourth list of dependencies are packages that require this package to be built and installed in its final location before they are built and installed. In most cases, this is because these packages will hard code paths to binaries within their scripts. If not built in a certain order, this could result in paths of /tools/bin/[binary] being placed inside scripts installed to the final system. This is obviously not desirable.
The last list of dependencies are optional packages that are not addressed in LFS, but could be useful to the user. These packages may have additional mandatory or optional dependencies of their own. For these dependencies, the recommended practice is to install them after completion of the LFS book and then go back and rebuild the LFS package. In several cases, re-installation is addressed in BLFS.
The scripts in this appendix are listed by the directory where
they normally reside. The order is /etc/rc.d/init.d
, /etc/sysconfig
, /etc/sysconfig/network-devices
, and
/etc/sysconfig/network-devices/services
.
Within each section, the files are listed in the order they are
normally called.
The rc
script is the first
script called by init and
initiates the boot process.
#!/bin/bash ######################################################################## # Begin rc # # Description : Main Run Level Control Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## . /lib/lsb/init-functions print_error_msg() { log_failure_msg # $i is set when called MSG="FAILURE:\n\nYou should not be reading this error message.\n\n" MSG="${MSG}It means that an unforeseen error took place in\n" MSG="${MSG}${i},\n" MSG="${MSG}which exited with a return value of ${error_value}.\n" MSG="${MSG}If you're able to track this error down to a bug in one of\n" MSG="${MSG}the files provided by the ${DISTRO_MINI} book,\n" MSG="${MSG}please be so kind to inform us at ${DISTRO_CONTACT}.\n" log_failure_msg "${MSG}" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user } check_script_status() { # $i is set when called if [ ! -f ${i} ]; then log_warning_msg "${i} is not a valid symlink." SCRIPT_STAT="1" fi if [ ! -x ${i} ]; then log_warning_msg "${i} is not executable, skipping." SCRIPT_STAT="1" fi } run() { if [ -z $interactive ]; then ${1} ${2} return $? fi while true; do read -p "Run ${1} ${2} (Yes/no/continue)? " -n 1 runit echo case ${runit} in c | C) interactive="" ${i} ${2} ret=${?} break; ;; n | N) return 0 ;; y | Y) ${i} ${2} ret=${?} break ;; esac done return $ret } # Read any local settings/overrides [ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] && source /etc/sysconfig/rc.site DISTRO=${DISTRO:-"Linux From Scratch"} DISTRO_CONTACT=${DISTRO_CONTACT:-"[email protected] (Registration required)"} DISTRO_MINI=${DISTRO_MINI:-"LFS"} IPROMPT=${IPROMPT:-"no"} # These 3 signals will not cause our script to exit trap "" INT QUIT TSTP [ "${1}" != "" ] && runlevel=${1} if [ "${runlevel}" == "" ]; then echo "Usage: ${0} <runlevel>" >&2 exit 1 fi previous=${PREVLEVEL} [ "${previous}" == "" ] && previous=N if [ ! -d /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d ]; then log_info_msg "/etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d does not exist.\n" exit 1 fi if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -o "$runlevel" == "0" ]; then IPROMPT="no"; fi # Note: In ${LOGLEVEL:-7}, it is ':' 'dash' '7', not minus 7 if [ "$runlevel" == "S" ]; then [ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] && source /etc/sysconfig/console dmesg -n "${LOGLEVEL:-7}" fi if [ "${IPROMPT}" == "yes" -a "${runlevel}" == "S" ]; then # The total length of the distro welcome string, without escape codes wlen=${wlen:-$(echo "Welcome to ${DISTRO}" | wc -c )} welcome_message=${welcome_message:-"Welcome to ${INFO}${DISTRO}${NORMAL}"} # The total length of the interactive string, without escape codes ilen=${ilen:-$(echo "Press 'I' to enter interactive startup" | wc -c )} i_message=${i_message:-"Press '${FAILURE}I${NORMAL}' to enter interactive startup"} # dcol and icol are spaces before the message to center the message # on screen. itime is the amount of wait time for the user to press a key wcol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${wlen} ) / 2 )) icol=$(( ( ${COLUMNS} - ${ilen} ) / 2 )) itime=${itime:-"3"} echo -e "\n\n" echo -e "\\033[${wcol}G${welcome_message}" echo -e "\\033[${icol}G${i_message}${NORMAL}" echo "" read -t "${itime}" -n 1 interactive 2>&1 > /dev/null fi # Make lower case [ "${interactive}" == "I" ] && interactive="i" [ "${interactive}" != "i" ] && interactive="" # Read the state file if it exists from runlevel S [ -r /run/interactive ] && source /run/interactive # Attempt to stop all services started by the previous runlevel, # and killed in this runlevel if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then for i in $(ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/K* 2> /dev/null) do check_script_status if [ "${SCRIPT_STAT}" == "1" ]; then SCRIPT_STAT="0" continue fi suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]} prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix sysinit_start=/etc/rc.d/rcS.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix if [ "${runlevel}" != "0" -a "${runlevel}" != "6" ]; then if [ ! -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${sysinit_start} ]; then MSG="WARNING:\n\n${i} can't be " MSG="${MSG}executed because it was not " MSG="${MSG}not started in the previous " MSG="${MSG}runlevel (${previous})." log_warning_msg "$MSG" continue fi fi run ${i} stop error_value=${?} if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi done fi if [ "${previous}" == "N" ]; then export IN_BOOT=1; fi if [ "$runlevel" == "6" -a -n "${FASTBOOT}" ]; then touch /fastboot fi # Start all functions in this runlevel for i in $( ls -v /etc/rc.d/rc${runlevel}.d/S* 2> /dev/null) do if [ "${previous}" != "N" ]; then suffix=${i#/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/S[0-9][0-9]} stop=/etc/rc.d/rc$runlevel.d/K[0-9][0-9]$suffix prev_start=/etc/rc.d/rc$previous.d/S[0-9][0-9]$suffix [ -f ${prev_start} -a ! -f ${stop} ] && continue fi check_script_status if [ "${SCRIPT_STAT}" == "1" ]; then SCRIPT_STAT="0" continue fi case ${runlevel} in 0|6) run ${i} stop ;; *) run ${i} start ;; esac error_value=${?} if [ "${error_value}" != "0" ]; then print_error_msg; fi done # Store interactive variable on switch from runlevel S and remove if not if [ "${runlevel}" == "S" -a "${interactive}" == "i" ]; then echo "interactive=\"i\"" > /run/interactive else rm -f /run/interactive 2> /dev/null fi # Copy the boot log on initial boot only if [ "${previous}" == "N" -a "${runlevel}" != "S" ]; then cat $BOOTLOG >> /var/log/boot.log # Mark the end of boot echo "--------" >> /var/log/boot.log # Remove the temporary file rm -f $BOOTLOG 2> /dev/null fi # End rc
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # # Begin /lib/lsb/init-funtions # # Description : Run Level Control Functions # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # : DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # # Notes : With code based on Matthias Benkmann's simpleinit-msb # http://winterdrache.de/linux/newboot/index.html # # The file should be located in /lib/lsb # ######################################################################## ## Environmental setup # Setup default values for environment umask 022 export PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin" ## Set color commands, used via echo # Please consult `man console_codes for more information # under the "ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition" section # # Warning: when switching from a 8bit to a 9bit font, # the linux console will reinterpret the bold (1;) to # the top 256 glyphs of the 9bit font. This does # not affect framebuffer consoles NORMAL="\\033[0;39m" # Standard console grey SUCCESS="\\033[1;32m" # Success is green WARNING="\\033[1;33m" # Warnings are yellow FAILURE="\\033[1;31m" # Failures are red INFO="\\033[1;36m" # Information is light cyan BRACKET="\\033[1;34m" # Brackets are blue # Use a colored prefix BMPREFIX=" " SUCCESS_PREFIX="${SUCCESS} * ${NORMAL} " FAILURE_PREFIX="${FAILURE}*****${NORMAL} " WARNING_PREFIX="${WARNING} *** ${NORMAL} " SKIP_PREFIX="${INFO} S ${NORMAL}" SUCCESS_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${SUCCESS} OK ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" FAILURE_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${FAILURE} FAIL ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" WARNING_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${WARNING} WARN ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" SKIP_SUFFIX="${BRACKET}[${INFO} SKIP ${BRACKET}]${NORMAL}" BOOTLOG=/run/bootlog KILLDELAY=3 SCRIPT_STAT="0" # Set any user specified environment variables e.g. HEADLESS [ -r /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ] && . /etc/sysconfig/rc.site ## Screen Dimensions # Find current screen size if [ -z "${COLUMNS}" ]; then COLUMNS=$(stty size) COLUMNS=${COLUMNS##* } fi # When using remote connections, such as a serial port, stty size returns 0 if [ "${COLUMNS}" = "0" ]; then COLUMNS=80 fi ## Measurements for positioning result messages COL=$((${COLUMNS} - 8)) WCOL=$((${COL} - 2)) ## Set Cursor Position Commands, used via echo SET_COL="\\033[${COL}G" # at the $COL char SET_WCOL="\\033[${WCOL}G" # at the $WCOL char CURS_UP="\\033[1A\\033[0G" # Up one line, at the 0'th char CURS_ZERO="\\033[0G" ################################################################################ # start_daemon() # # Usage: start_daemon [-f] [-n nicelevel] [-p pidfile] pathname [args...] # # # # Purpose: This runs the specified program as a daemon # # # # Inputs: -f: (force) run the program even if it is already running. # # -n nicelevel: specify a nice level. See 'man nice(1)'. # # -p pidfile: use the specified file to determine PIDs. # # pathname: the complete path to the specified program # # args: additional arguments passed to the program (pathname) # # # # Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes): # # 0 - program is running or service is OK # # 1 - generic or unspecified error # # 2 - invalid or excessive argument(s) # # 5 - program is not installed # ################################################################################ start_daemon() { local force="" local nice="0" local pidfile="" local pidlist="" local retval="" # Process arguments while true do case "${1}" in -f) force="1" shift 1 ;; -n) nice="${2}" shift 2 ;; -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; -*) return 2 ;; *) program="${1}" break ;; esac done # Check for a valid program if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi # Execute if [ -z "${force}" ]; then if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # Determine the pid by discovery pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"` retval="${?}" else # The PID file contains the needed PIDs # Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc, # however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard. pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"` retval="${?}" fi # Return a value ONLY # It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty # to log messages! case "${retval}" in 0) # Program is already running correctly, this is a # successful start. return 0 ;; 1) # Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists # remove the pid file and continue rm -f "${pidfile}" ;; 3) # Program is not running and no pidfile exists # do nothing here, let start_deamon continue. ;; *) # Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted # and returned as an unspecified error. return 1 ;; esac fi # Do the start! nice -n "${nice}" "${@}" } ################################################################################ # killproc() # # Usage: killproc [-p pidfile] pathname [signal] # # # # Purpose: Send control signals to running processes # # # # Inputs: -p pidfile, uses the specified pidfile # # pathname, pathname to the specified program # # signal, send this signal to pathname # # # # Return values (as defined by LSB exit codes): # # 0 - program (pathname) has stopped/is already stopped or a # # running program has been sent specified signal and stopped # # successfully # # 1 - generic or unspecified error # # 2 - invalid or excessive argument(s) # # 5 - program is not installed # # 7 - program is not running and a signal was supplied # ################################################################################ killproc() { local pidfile local program local prefix local progname local signal="-TERM" local fallback="-KILL" local nosig local pidlist local retval local pid local delay="30" local piddead local dtime # Process arguments while true; do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; *) program="${1}" if [ -n "${2}" ]; then signal="${2}" fallback="" else nosig=1 fi # Error on additional arguments if [ -n "${3}" ]; then return 2 else break fi ;; esac done # Check for a valid program if [ ! -e "${program}" ]; then return 5; fi # Check for a valid signal check_signal "${signal}" if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 2; fi # Get a list of pids if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # determine the pid by discovery pidlist=`pidofproc "${1}"` retval="${?}" else # The PID file contains the needed PIDs # Note that by LSB requirement, the path must be given to pidofproc, # however, it is not used by the current implementation or standard. pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" "${1}"` retval="${?}" fi # Return a value ONLY # It is the init script's (or distribution's functions) responsibilty # to log messages! case "${retval}" in 0) # Program is running correctly # Do nothing here, let killproc continue. ;; 1) # Program is not running, but an invalid pid file exists # Remove the pid file. progname=${program##*/} if [[ -e "/run/${progname}.pid" ]]; then pidfile="/run/${progname}.pid" rm -f "${pidfile}" fi # This is only a success if no signal was passed. if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then return 0 else return 7 fi ;; 3) # Program is not running and no pidfile exists # This is only a success if no signal was passed. if [ -n "${nosig}" ]; then return 0 else return 7 fi ;; *) # Others as returned by status values shall not be interpreted # and returned as an unspecified error. return 1 ;; esac # Perform different actions for exit signals and control signals check_sig_type "${signal}" if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then # Signal is used to terminate the program # Account for empty pidlist (pid file still exists and no # signal was given) if [ "${pidlist}" != "" ]; then # Kill the list of pids for pid in ${pidlist}; do kill -0 "${pid}" 2> /dev/null if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then # Process is dead, continue to next and assume all is well continue else kill "${signal}" "${pid}" 2> /dev/null # Wait up to ${delay}/10 seconds to for "${pid}" to # terminate in 10ths of a second while [ "${delay}" -ne "0" ]; do kill -0 "${pid}" 2> /dev/null || piddead="1" if [ "${piddead}" = "1" ]; then break; fi sleep 0.1 delay="$(( ${delay} - 1 ))" done # If a fallback is set, and program is still running, then # use the fallback if [ -n "${fallback}" -a "${piddead}" != "1" ]; then kill "${fallback}" "${pid}" 2> /dev/null sleep 1 # Check again, and fail if still running kill -0 "${pid}" 2> /dev/null && return 1 fi fi done fi # Check for and remove stale PID files. if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # Find the basename of $program prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'` progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"` if [ -e "/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then rm -f "/run/${progname}.pid" 2> /dev/null fi else if [ -e "${pidfile}" ]; then rm -f "${pidfile}" 2> /dev/null; fi fi # For signals that do not expect a program to exit, simply # let kill do its job, and evaluate kill's return for value else # check_sig_type - signal is not used to terminate program for pid in ${pidlist}; do kill "${signal}" "${pid}" if [ "${?}" -ne "0" ]; then return 1; fi done fi } ################################################################################ # pidofproc() # # Usage: pidofproc [-p pidfile] pathname # # # # Purpose: This function returns one or more pid(s) for a particular daemon # # # # Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof # # pathname, path to the specified program # # # # Return values (as defined by LSB status codes): # # 0 - Success (PIDs to stdout) # # 1 - Program is dead, PID file still exists (remaining PIDs output) # # 3 - Program is not running (no output) # ################################################################################ pidofproc() { local pidfile local program local prefix local progname local pidlist local lpids local exitstatus="0" # Process arguments while true; do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; *) program="${1}" if [ -n "${2}" ]; then # Too many arguments # Since this is status, return unknown return 4 else break fi ;; esac done # If a PID file is not specified, try and find one. if [ -z "${pidfile}" ]; then # Get the program's basename prefix=`echo "${program}" | sed 's/[^/]*$//'` if [ -z "${prefix}" ]; then progname="${program}" else progname=`echo "${program}" | sed "s@${prefix}@@"` fi # If a PID file exists with that name, assume that is it. if [ -e "/run/${progname}.pid" ]; then pidfile="/run/${progname}.pid" fi fi # If a PID file is set and exists, use it. if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then # Use the value in the first line of the pidfile pidlist=`/bin/head -n1 "${pidfile}"` # This can optionally be written as 'sed 1q' to repalce 'head -n1' # should LFS move /bin/head to /usr/bin/head else # Use pidof pidlist=`pidof "${program}"` fi # Figure out if all listed PIDs are running. for pid in ${pidlist}; do kill -0 ${pid} 2> /dev/null if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then lpids="${lpids}${pid} " else exitstatus="1" fi done if [ -z "${lpids}" -a ! -f "${pidfile}" ]; then return 3 else echo "${lpids}" return "${exitstatus}" fi } ################################################################################ # statusproc() # # Usage: statusproc [-p pidfile] pathname # # # # Purpose: This function prints the status of a particular daemon to stdout # # # # Inputs: -p pidfile, use the specified pidfile instead of pidof # # pathname, path to the specified program # # # # Return values: # # 0 - Status printed # # 1 - Input error. The daemon to check was not specified. # ################################################################################ statusproc() { local pidfile local pidlist if [ "${#}" = "0" ]; then echo "Usage: statusproc [-p pidfle] {program}" exit 1 fi # Process arguments while true; do case "${1}" in -p) pidfile="${2}" shift 2 ;; *) if [ -n "${2}" ]; then echo "Too many arguments" return 1 else break fi ;; esac done if [ -n "${pidfile}" ]; then pidlist=`pidofproc -p "${pidfile}" $@` else pidlist=`pidofproc $@` fi # Trim trailing blanks pidlist=`echo "${pidlist}" | sed -r 's/ +$//'` base="${1##*/}" if [ -n "${pidlist}" ]; then /bin/echo -e "${INFO}${base} is running with Process" \ "ID(s) ${pidlist}.${NORMAL}" else if [ -n "${base}" -a -e "/run/${base}.pid" ]; then /bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running but" \ "/run/${base}.pid exists.${NORMAL}" else if [ -n "${pidfile}" -a -e "${pidfile}" ]; then /bin/echo -e "${WARNING}${1} is not running" \ "but ${pidfile} exists.${NORMAL}" else /bin/echo -e "${INFO}${1} is not running.${NORMAL}" fi fi fi } ################################################################################ # timespec() # # # # Purpose: An internal utility function to format a timestamp # # a boot log file. Sets the STAMP variable. # # # # Return value: Not used # ################################################################################ timespec() { STAMP="$(echo `date +"%b %d %T %:z"` `hostname`) " return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_success_msg() # # Usage: log_success_msg ["message"] # # # # Purpose: Print a successful status message to the screen and # # a boot log file. # # # # Inputs: $@ - Message # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_success_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` timespec /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} OK" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_success_msg2() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SUCCESS_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SUCCESS_SUFFIX}" echo " OK" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_failure_msg() # # Usage: log_failure_msg ["message"] # # # # Purpose: Print a failure status message to the screen and # # a boot log file. # # # # Inputs: $@ - Message # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_failure_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file timespec logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} FAIL" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_failure_msg2() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${FAILURE_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${FAILURE_SUFFIX}" echo "FAIL" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_warning_msg() # # Usage: log_warning_msg ["message"] # # # # Purpose: Print a warning status message to the screen and # # a boot log file. # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_warning_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${WARNING_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${WARNING_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` timespec /bin/echo -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage} WARN" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_skip_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" /bin/echo -e "${CURS_ZERO}${SKIP_PREFIX}${SET_COL}${SKIP_SUFFIX}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` /bin/echo "SKIP" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # log_info_msg() # # Usage: log_info_msg message # # # # Purpose: Print an information message to the screen and # # a boot log file. Does not print a trailing newline character. # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ log_info_msg() { /bin/echo -n -e "${BMPREFIX}${@}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` timespec /bin/echo -n -e "${STAMP} ${logmessage}" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } log_info_msg2() { /bin/echo -n -e "${@}" # Strip non-printable characters from log file logmessage=`echo "${@}" | sed 's/\\\033[^a-zA-Z]*.//g'` /bin/echo -n -e "${logmessage}" >> ${BOOTLOG} return 0 } ################################################################################ # evaluate_retval() # # Usage: Evaluate a return value and print success or failyure as appropriate # # # # Purpose: Convenience function to terminate an info message # # # # Return values: Not used # ################################################################################ evaluate_retval() { local error_value="${?}" if [ ${error_value} = 0 ]; then log_success_msg2 else log_failure_msg2 fi } ################################################################################ # check_signal() # # Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} ] # # # # Purpose: Check for a valid signal. This is not defined by any LSB draft, # # however, it is required to check the signals to determine if the # # signals chosen are invalid arguments to the other functions. # # # # Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form of -{signal} # # # # Return values: # # 0 - Success (signal is valid # # 1 - Signal is not valid # ################################################################################ check_signal() { local valsig # Add error handling for invalid signals valsig=" -ALRM -HUP -INT -KILL -PIPE -POLL -PROF -TERM -USR1 -USR2" valsig="${valsig} -VTALRM -STKFLT -PWR -WINCH -CHLD -URG -TSTP -TTIN" valsig="${valsig} -TTOU -STOP -CONT -ABRT -FPE -ILL -QUIT -SEGV -TRAP" valsig="${valsig} -SYS -EMT -BUS -XCPU -XFSZ -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -8 -9" valsig="${valsig} -11 -13 -14 -15 " echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " > /dev/null if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then return 0 else return 1 fi } ################################################################################ # check_sig_type() # # Usage: check_signal [ -{signal} | {signal} ] # # # # Purpose: Check if signal is a program termination signal or a control signal # # This is not defined by any LSB draft, however, it is required to # # check the signals to determine if they are intended to end a # # program or simply to control it. # # # # Inputs: Accepts a single string value in the form or -{signal} or {signal} # # # # Return values: # # 0 - Signal is used for program termination # # 1 - Signal is used for program control # ################################################################################ check_sig_type() { local valsig # The list of termination signals (limited to generally used items) valsig=" -ALRM -INT -KILL -TERM -PWR -STOP -ABRT -QUIT -2 -3 -6 -9 -14 -15 " echo "${valsig}" | grep -- " ${1} " > /dev/null if [ "${?}" -eq "0" ]; then return 0 else return 1 fi } ################################################################################ # wait_for_user() # # # # Purpose: Wait for the user to respond if not a headless system # # # ################################################################################ wait_for_user() { # Wait for the user by default [ "${HEADLESS=0}" = "0" ] && read ENTER return 0 } ################################################################################ # is_true() # # # # Purpose: Utility to test if a variable is true | yes | 1 # # # ################################################################################ is_true() { [ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ] || [ "$1" = "y" ] || [ "$1" = "t" ] } # End /lib/lsb/init-functions
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin mountvirtfs # # Description : Mount proc, sysfs, and run # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: mountvirtfs # Required-Start: $first # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems. # Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs). # Description: Mounts /sys and /proc virtual (kernel) filesystems. # Mounts /run (tmpfs) and /dev (devtmpfs). # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) # Make sure /run is available before logging any messages if ! mountpoint /run >/dev/null; then mount /run || failed=1 fi mkdir -p /run/lock /run/shm chmod 1777 /run/shm /run/lock log_info_msg "Mounting virtual file systems: ${INFO}/run" if ! mountpoint /proc >/dev/null; then log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/proc" mount -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /proc || failed=1 fi if ! mountpoint /sys >/dev/null; then log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/sys" mount -o nosuid,noexec,nodev /sys || failed=1 fi if ! mountpoint /dev >/dev/null; then log_info_msg2 " ${INFO}/dev" mount -o mode=0755,nosuid /dev || failed=1 fi ln -sfn /run/shm /dev/shm (exit ${failed}) evaluate_retval exit $failed ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End mountvirtfs
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin modules # # Description : Module auto-loading script # # Authors : Zack Winkles # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: modules # Required-Start: mountvirtfs # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Loads required modules. # Description: Loads modules listed in /etc/sysconfig/modules. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO # Assure that the kernel has module support. [ -e /proc/modules ] || exit 0 . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) # Exit if there's no modules file or there are no # valid entries [ -r /etc/sysconfig/modules ] || exit 0 egrep -qv '^($|#)' /etc/sysconfig/modules || exit 0 log_info_msg "Loading modules:" # Only try to load modules if the user has actually given us # some modules to load. while read module args; do # Ignore comments and blank lines. case "$module" in ""|"#"*) continue ;; esac # Attempt to load the module, passing any arguments provided. modprobe ${module} ${args} >/dev/null # Print the module name if successful, otherwise take note. if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then log_info_msg2 " ${module}" else failedmod="${failedmod} ${module}" fi done < /etc/sysconfig/modules # Print a message about successfully loaded modules on the correct line. log_success_msg2 # Print a failure message with a list of any modules that # may have failed to load. if [ -n "${failedmod}" ]; then log_failure_msg "Failed to load modules:${failedmod}" exit 1 fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End modules
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin udev # # Description : Udev cold-plugging script # # Authors : Zack Winkles, Alexander E. Patrakov # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: udev $time # Required-Start: localnet # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Populates /dev with device nodes. # Description: Mounts a tempfs on /dev and starts the udevd daemon. # Device nodes are created as defined by udev. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Populating /dev with device nodes... " if ! grep -q '[[:space:]]sysfs' /proc/mounts; then log_failure_msg2 msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnable to create " msg="${msg}devices without a SysFS filesystem\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system " msg="${msg}will be halted and powered off.\n\n" log_info_msg "$msg" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop fi # Start the udev daemon to continually watch for, and act on, # uevents /sbin/udevd --daemon # Now traverse /sys in order to "coldplug" devices that have # already been discovered /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=subsystems /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=add --type=devices /sbin/udevadm trigger --action=change --type=devices # Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_SETTLE"; then /sbin/udevadm settle fi # If any LVM based partitions are on the system, ensure they # are activated so they can be used. if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -a y >/dev/null; fi log_success_msg2 ;; *) echo "Usage ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End udev
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin swap # # Description : Swap Control Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: swap # Required-Start: udev # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: localnet # Should-Stop: $local_fs # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Mounts and unmounts swap partitions. # Description: Mounts and unmounts swap partitions defined in # /etc/fstab. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Activating all swap files/partitions..." swapon -a evaluate_retval ;; stop) log_info_msg "Deactivating all swap files/partitions..." swapoff -a evaluate_retval ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; status) log_success_msg "Retrieving swap status." swapon -s ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End swap
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin setclock # # Description : Setting Linux Clock # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: # Required-Start: # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: $syslog # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Stores and restores time from the hardware clock # Description: On boot, system time is obtained from hwclock. The # hardware clock can also be set on shutdown. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions [ -r /etc/sysconfig/clock ] && . /etc/sysconfig/clock case "${UTC}" in yes|true|1) CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --utc" ;; no|false|0) CLOCKPARAMS="${CLOCKPARAMS} --localtime" ;; esac case ${1} in start) hwclock --hctosys ${CLOCKPARAMS} >/dev/null ;; stop) log_info_msg "Setting hardware clock..." hwclock --systohc ${CLOCKPARAMS} >/dev/null evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin checkfs # # Description : File System Check # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # A. Luebke - [email protected] # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # # Based on checkfs script from LFS-3.1 and earlier. # # From man fsck # 0 - No errors # 1 - File system errors corrected # 2 - System should be rebooted # 4 - File system errors left uncorrected # 8 - Operational error # 16 - Usage or syntax error # 32 - Fsck canceled by user request # 128 - Shared library error # ######################################################################### ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: checkfs # Required-Start: udev swap # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Checks local filesystems before mounting. # Description: Checks local filesystmes before mounting. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) if [ -f /fastboot ]; then msg="/fastboot found, will omit " msg="${msg} file system checks as requested.\n" log_info_msg "${msg}" exit 0 fi log_info_msg "Mounting root file system in read-only mode... " mount -n -o remount,ro / >/dev/null if [ ${?} != 0 ]; then log_failure_msg2 msg="\n\nCannot check root " msg="${msg}filesystem because it could not be mounted " msg="${msg}in read-only mode.\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be " msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n" log_failure_msg "${msg}" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop else log_success_msg2 fi if [ -f /forcefsck ]; then msg="/forcefsck found, forcing file" msg="${msg} system checks as requested." log_success_msg "$msg" options="-f" else options="" fi log_info_msg "Checking file systems..." # Note: -a option used to be -p; but this fails e.g. on fsck.minix if is_true "$VERBOSE_FSCK"; then fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T else fsck ${options} -a -A -C -T >/dev/null fi error_value=${?} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 ]; then log_success_msg2 fi if [ "${error_value}" = 1 ]; then msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors " msg="${msg}were found and have been corrected.\n" msg="${msg} You may want to double-check that " msg="${msg}everything was fixed properly." log_warning_msg "$msg" fi if [ "${error_value}" = 2 -o "${error_value}" = 3 ]; then msg="\nWARNING:\n\nFile system errors " msg="${msg}were found and have been been " msg="${msg}corrected, but the nature of the " msg="${msg}errors require this system to be rebooted.\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press enter, " msg="${msg}this system will be rebooted\n\n" log_failure_msg "$msg" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user reboot -f fi if [ "${error_value}" -gt 3 -a "${error_value}" -lt 16 ]; then msg="\nFAILURE:\n\nFile system errors " msg="${msg}were encountered that could not be " msg="${msg}fixed automatically.\nThis system " msg="${msg}cannot continue to boot and will " msg="${msg}therefore be halted until those " msg="${msg}errors are fixed manually by a " msg="${msg}System Administrator.\n\n" msg="${msg}After you press Enter, this system will be " msg="${msg}halted and powered off.\n\n" log_failure_msg "$msg" log_info_msg "Press Enter to continue..." wait_for_user /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt stop fi if [ "${error_value}" -ge 16 ]; then msg="FAILURE:\n\nUnexpected failure " msg="${msg}running fsck. Exited with error " msg="${msg} code: ${error_value}.\n" log_info_msg $msg exit ${error_value} fi exit 0 ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End checkfs
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin mountfs # # Description : File System Mount Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $local_fs # Required-Start: udev checkfs # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: localnet # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Mounts/unmounts local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab. # Description: Remounts root filesystem read/write and mounts all # remaining local filesystems defined in /etc/fstab on # start. Remounts root filesystem read-only and unmounts # remaining filesystems on stop. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Remounting root file system in read-write mode..." mount --options remount,rw / >/dev/null evaluate_retval # Remove fsck-related file system watermarks. rm -f /fastboot /forcefsck # Make sure /dev/pts exists mkdir -p /dev/pts # This will mount all filesystems that do not have _netdev in # their option list. _netdev denotes a network filesystem. log_info_msg "Mounting remaining file systems..." failed=0 mount --all --test-opts no_netdev >/dev/null || failed=1 evaluate_retval exit $failed ;; stop) # Don't unmount virtual file systems like /run log_info_msg "Unmounting all other currently mounted file systems..." # Ensure any loop devies are removed losetup -D umount --all --detach-loop --read-only \ --types notmpfs,nosysfs,nodevtmpfs,noproc,nodevpts >/dev/null evaluate_retval # Make sure / is mounted read only (umount bug) mount --options remount,ro / # Make all LVM volume groups unavailable, if appropriate # This fails if swap or / are on an LVM partition #if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ]; then /sbin/vgchange -an > /dev/null; fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop}" exit 1 ;; esac # End mountfs
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin udev_retry # # Description : Udev cold-plugging script (retry) # # Authors : Alexander E. Patrakov # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Bryan Kadzban - # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: udev_retry # Required-Start: udev # Should-Start: $local_fs cleanfs # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Replays failed uevents and creates additional devices. # Description: Replays any failed uevents that were skipped due to # slow hardware initialization, and creates those needed # device nodes # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Retrying failed uevents, if any..." # As of udev-186, the --run option is no longer valid #rundir=$(/sbin/udevadm info --run) rundir=/run/udev # From Debian: "copy the rules generated before / was mounted # read-write": for file in ${rundir}/tmp-rules--*; do dest=${file##*tmp-rules--} [ "$dest" = '*' ] && break cat $file >> /etc/udev/rules.d/$dest rm -f $file done # Re-trigger the uevents that may have failed, # in hope they will succeed now /bin/sed -e 's/#.*$//' /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry | /bin/grep -v '^$' | \ while read line ; do for subsystem in $line ; do /sbin/udevadm trigger --subsystem-match=$subsystem --action=add done done # Now wait for udevd to process the uevents we triggered if ! is_true "$OMIT_UDEV_RETRY_SETTLE"; then /sbin/udevadm settle fi evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End udev_retry
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin cleanfs # # Description : Clean file system # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: cleanfs # Required-Start: $local_fs # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Cleans temporary directories early in the boot process. # Description: Cleans temporary directories /run, /var/lock, and # optionally, /tmp. cleanfs also creates /run/utmp # and any files defined in /etc/sysconfig/createfiles. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions # Function to create files/directory on boot. create_files() { # Input to file descriptor 9 and output to stdin (redirection) exec 9>&0 < /etc/sysconfig/createfiles while read name type perm usr grp dtype maj min junk do # Ignore comments and blank lines. case "${name}" in ""|\#*) continue ;; esac # Ignore existing files. if [ ! -e "${name}" ]; then # Create stuff based on its type. case "${type}" in dir) mkdir "${name}" ;; file) :> "${name}" ;; dev) case "${dtype}" in char) mknod "${name}" c ${maj} ${min} ;; block) mknod "${name}" b ${maj} ${min} ;; pipe) mknod "${name}" p ;; *) log_warning_msg "\nUnknown device type: ${dtype}" ;; esac ;; *) log_warning_msg "\nUnknown type: ${type}" continue ;; esac # Set up the permissions, too. chown ${usr}:${grp} "${name}" chmod ${perm} "${name}" fi done # Close file descriptor 9 (end redirection) exec 0>&9 9>&- return 0 } case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Cleaning file systems:" if [ "${SKIPTMPCLEAN}" = "" ]; then log_info_msg2 " /tmp" cd /tmp && find . -xdev -mindepth 1 ! -name lost+found -delete || failed=1 fi > /run/utmp if grep -q '^utmp:' /etc/group ; then chmod 664 /run/utmp chgrp utmp /run/utmp fi (exit ${failed}) evaluate_retval if egrep -qv '^(#|$)' /etc/sysconfig/createfiles 2>/dev/null; then log_info_msg "Creating files and directories... " create_files # Always returns 0 evaluate_retval fi exit $failed ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End cleanfs
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin console # # Description : Sets keymap and screen font # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Alexander E. Patrakov # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: console # Required-Start: $local_fs # Should-Start: udev_retry # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Sets up a localised console. # Description: Sets up fonts and language settings for the user's # local as defined by /etc/sysconfig/console. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions # Native English speakers probably don't have /etc/sysconfig/console at all [ -r /etc/sysconfig/console ] && . /etc/sysconfig/console is_true() { [ "$1" = "1" ] || [ "$1" = "yes" ] || [ "$1" = "true" ] } failed=0 case "${1}" in start) # See if we need to do anything if [ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] && [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] && [ -z "${FONT}" ] && [ -z "${LEGACY_CHARSET}" ] && ! is_true "${UNICODE}"; then exit 0 fi # There should be no bogus failures below this line! log_info_msg "Setting up Linux console..." # Figure out if a framebuffer console is used [ -d /sys/class/graphics/fb0 ] && use_fb=1 || use_fb=0 # Figure out the command to set the console into the # desired mode is_true "${UNICODE}" && MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%G' && kbd_mode -u" || MODE_COMMAND="echo -en '\033%@\033(K' && kbd_mode -a" # On framebuffer consoles, font has to be set for each vt in # UTF-8 mode. This doesn't hurt in non-UTF-8 mode also. ! is_true "${use_fb}" || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || MODE_COMMAND="${MODE_COMMAND} && setfont ${FONT}" # Apply that command to all consoles mentioned in # /etc/inittab. Important: in the UTF-8 mode this should # happen before setfont, otherwise a kernel bug will # show up and the unicode map of the font will not be # used. for TTY in `grep '^[^#].*respawn:/sbin/agetty' /etc/inittab | grep -o '\btty[[:digit:]]*\b'` do openvt -f -w -c ${TTY#tty} -- \ /bin/sh -c "${MODE_COMMAND}" || failed=1 done # Set the font (if not already set above) and the keymap [ "${use_fb}" == "1" ] || [ -z "${FONT}" ] || setfont $FONT || failed=1 [ -z "${KEYMAP}" ] || loadkeys ${KEYMAP} >/dev/null 2>&1 || failed=1 [ -z "${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS}" ] || loadkeys ${KEYMAP_CORRECTIONS} >/dev/null 2>&1 || failed=1 # Convert the keymap from $LEGACY_CHARSET to UTF-8 [ -z "$LEGACY_CHARSET" ] || dumpkeys -c "$LEGACY_CHARSET" | loadkeys -u >/dev/null 2>&1 || failed=1 # If any of the commands above failed, the trap at the # top would set $failed to 1 ( exit $failed ) evaluate_retval exit $failed ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start}" exit 1 ;; esac # End console
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin localnet # # Description : Loopback device # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: localnet # Required-Start: mountvirtfs # Should-Start: modules # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Starts the local network. # Description: Sets the hostname of the machine and starts the # loopback interface. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions [ -r /etc/sysconfig/network ] && . /etc/sysconfig/network [ -r /etc/hostname ] && HOSTNAME=`cat /etc/hostname` case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Bringing up the loopback interface..." ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 label lo dev lo ip link set lo up evaluate_retval log_info_msg "Setting hostname to ${HOSTNAME}..." hostname ${HOSTNAME} evaluate_retval ;; stop) log_info_msg "Bringing down the loopback interface..." ip link set lo down evaluate_retval ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; status) echo "Hostname is: $(hostname)" ip link show lo ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End localnet
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin sysctl # # Description : File uses /etc/sysctl.conf to set kernel runtime # parameters # # Authors : Nathan Coulson (nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org) # Matthew Burgress (matthew AT linuxfromscratch D0T org) # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: sysctl # Required-Start: mountvirtfs # Should-Start: console # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: S # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Makes changes to the proc filesystem # Description: Makes changes to the proc filesystem as defined in # /etc/sysctl.conf. See 'man sysctl(8)'. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) if [ -f "/etc/sysctl.conf" ]; then log_info_msg "Setting kernel runtime parameters..." sysctl -q -p evaluate_retval fi ;; status) sysctl -a ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End sysctl
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin sysklogd # # Description : Sysklogd loader # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $syslog # Required-Start: $first localnet # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: $local_fs # Should-Stop: sendsignals # Default-Start: 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6 # Short-Description: Starts kernel and system log daemons. # Description: Starts kernel and system log daemons. # /etc/fstab. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO # Note: sysklogd is not started in runlevel 2 due to possible # remote logging configurations . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Starting system log daemon..." parms=${SYSKLOGD_PARMS-'-m 0'} start_daemon /sbin/syslogd $parms evaluate_retval log_info_msg "Starting kernel log daemon..." start_daemon /sbin/klogd evaluate_retval ;; stop) log_info_msg "Stopping kernel log daemon..." killproc /sbin/klogd evaluate_retval log_info_msg "Stopping system log daemon..." killproc /sbin/syslogd evaluate_retval ;; reload) log_info_msg "Reloading system log daemon config file..." pid=`pidofproc syslogd` kill -HUP "${pid}" evaluate_retval ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; status) statusproc /sbin/syslogd statusproc klogd ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|reload|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End sysklogd
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin network # # Description : Network Control Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - [email protected] # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: $network # Required-Start: $local_fs localnet swap # Should-Start: $syslog firewalld iptables nftables # Required-Stop: $local_fs localnet swap # Should-Stop: $syslog firewalld iptables nftables # Default-Start: 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 2 6 # Short-Description: Starts and configures network interfaces. # Description: Starts and configures network interfaces. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO case "${1}" in start) # Start all network interfaces for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.* do interface=${file##*/ifconfig.} # Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found) if [ "${interface}" = "*" ]; then continue; fi /sbin/ifup ${interface} done ;; stop) # Unmount any network mounted file systems umount --all --force --types nfs,cifs,nfs4 # Reverse list net_files="" for file in /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.* do net_files="${file} ${net_files}" done # Stop all network interfaces for file in ${net_files} do interface=${file##*/ifconfig.} # Skip if $file is * (because nothing was found) if [ "${interface}" = "*" ]; then continue; fi # See if interface exists if [ ! -e /sys/class/net/$interface ]; then continue; fi # Is interface UP? ip link show $interface 2>/dev/null | grep -q "state UP" if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then continue; fi /sbin/ifdown ${interface} done ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End network
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin sendsignals # # Description : Sendsignals Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: sendsignals # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: $local_fs swap localnet # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: # Default-Stop: 0 6 # Short-Description: Attempts to kill remaining processes. # Description: Attempts to kill remaining processes. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in stop) omit=$(pidof mdmon) [ -n "$omit" ] && omit="-o $omit" log_info_msg "Sending all processes the TERM signal..." killall5 -15 $omit error_value=${?} sleep ${KILLDELAY} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then log_success_msg else log_failure_msg fi log_info_msg "Sending all processes the KILL signal..." killall5 -9 $omit error_value=${?} sleep ${KILLDELAY} if [ "${error_value}" = 0 -o "${error_value}" = 2 ]; then log_success_msg else log_failure_msg fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End sendsignals
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin reboot # # Description : Reboot Scripts # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: reboot # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: 6 # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Reboots the system. # Description: Reboots the System. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in stop) log_info_msg "Restarting system..." reboot -d -f -i ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {stop}" exit 1 ;; esac # End reboot
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin halt # # Description : Halt Script # # Authors : Gerard Beekmans - gerard AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: halt # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: 0 # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: Halts the system. # Description: Halts the System. # X-LFS-Provided-By: LFS ### END INIT INFO case "${1}" in stop) halt -d -f -i -p ;; *) echo "Usage: {stop}" exit 1 ;; esac # End halt
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin scriptname # # Description : # # Authors : # # Version : LFS x.x # # Notes : # ######################################################################## ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: template # Required-Start: # Should-Start: # Required-Stop: # Should-Stop: # Default-Start: # Default-Stop: # Short-Description: # Description: # X-LFS-Provided-By: ### END INIT INFO . /lib/lsb/init-functions case "${1}" in start) log_info_msg "Starting..." start_daemon fully_qualified_path ;; stop) log_info_msg "Stopping..." killproc fully_qualified_path ;; restart) ${0} stop sleep 1 ${0} start ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} {start|stop|restart}" exit 1 ;; esac exit 0 # End scriptname
######################################################################## # Begin /etc/sysconfig/modules # # Description : Module auto-loading configuration # # Authors : # # Version : 00.00 # # Notes : The syntax of this file is as follows: # <module> [<arg1> <arg2> ...] # # Each module should be on its own line, and any options that you want # passed to the module should follow it. The line deliminator is either # a space or a tab. ######################################################################## # End /etc/sysconfig/modules
######################################################################## # Begin /etc/sysconfig/createfiles # # Description : Createfiles script config file # # Authors : # # Version : 00.00 # # Notes : The syntax of this file is as follows: # if type is equal to "file" or "dir" # <filename> <type> <permissions> <user> <group> # if type is equal to "dev" # <filename> <type> <permissions> <user> <group> <devtype> # <major> <minor> # # <filename> is the name of the file which is to be created # <type> is either file, dir, or dev. # file creates a new file # dir creates a new directory # dev creates a new device # <devtype> is either block, char or pipe # block creates a block device # char creates a character deivce # pipe creates a pipe, this will ignore the <major> and # <minor> fields # <major> and <minor> are the major and minor numbers used for # the device. ######################################################################## # End /etc/sysconfig/createfiles
######################################################################## # Begin /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry # # Description : udev_retry script configuration # # Authors : # # Version : 00.00 # # Notes : Each subsystem that may need to be re-triggered after mountfs # runs should be listed in this file. Probable subsystems to be # listed here are rtc (due to /var/lib/hwclock/adjtime) and sound # (due to both /var/lib/alsa/asound.state and /usr/sbin/alsactl). # Entries are whitespace-separated. ######################################################################## rtc # End /etc/sysconfig/udev_retry
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin /sbin/ifup # # Description : Interface Up # # Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - [email protected] # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.7 # # Notes : The IFCONFIG variable is passed to the SERVICE script # in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the # service should source to get interface specifications. # ######################################################################## up() { log_info_msg "Bringing up the ${1} interface..." if ip link show $1 > /dev/null 2>&1; then link_status=`ip link show $1` if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then if ! echo "${link_status}" | grep -q UP; then ip link set $1 up fi fi else log_failure_msg "Interface ${IFACE} doesn't exist." exit 1 fi evaluate_retval } RELEASE="7.7" USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface" VERSTR="LFS ifup, version ${RELEASE}" while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do case "$1" in --help | -h) help="y"; break ;; --version | -V) echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;; -*) echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" >&2 echo "${USAGE}" >& 2 exit 2 ;; *) break ;; esac done if [ -n "$help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo "${USAGE}" echo cat << HERE_EOF ifup is used to bring up a network interface. The interface parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2. HERE_EOF exit 0 fi file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1} # Skip backup files [ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0 . /lib/lsb/init-functions if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then log_failure_msg "Unable to bring up ${1} interface! ${file} is missing or cannot be accessed." exit 1 fi . $file if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then log_failure_msg "Unable to bring up ${1} interface! ${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]." exit 1 fi # Do not process this service if started by boot, and ONBOOT # is not set to yes if [ "${IN_BOOT}" = "1" -a "${ONBOOT}" != "yes" ]; then exit 0 fi # Bring up the interface if [ "$VIRTINT" != "yes" ]; then up ${IFACE} fi for S in ${SERVICE}; do if [ ! -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then MSG="\nUnable to process ${file}. Either " MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE '${S} was not present " MSG="${MSG}or cannot be executed." log_failure_msg "$MSG" exit 1 fi done if [ "${SERVICE}" = "wpa" ]; then log_success_msg; fi # Create/configure the interface for S in ${SERVICE}; do IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} up done # Set link up virtual interfaces if [ "${VIRTINT}" == "yes" ]; then up ${IFACE} fi # Bring up any additional interface components for I in $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do up $I; done # Set MTU if requested. Check if MTU has a "good" value. if test -n "${MTU}"; then if [[ ${MTU} =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] && [[ $MTU -ge 68 ]] ; then for I in $IFACE $INTERFACE_COMPONENTS; do ip link set dev $I mtu $MTU; done else log_info_msg2 "Invalid MTU $MTU" fi fi # Set the route default gateway if requested if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then if ip route | grep -q default; then log_warning_msg "Gateway already setup; skipping." else log_info_msg "Adding default gateway ${GATEWAY} to the ${IFACE} interface..." ip route add default via ${GATEWAY} dev ${IFACE} evaluate_retval fi fi # End /sbin/ifup
#!/bin/bash ######################################################################## # Begin /sbin/ifdown # # Description : Interface Down # # Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - [email protected] # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # # Notes : the IFCONFIG variable is passed to the scripts found # in the /lib/services directory, to indicate what file the # service should source to get interface specifications. # ######################################################################## RELEASE="7.0" USAGE="Usage: $0 [ -hV ] [--help] [--version] interface" VERSTR="LFS ifdown, version ${RELEASE}" while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do case "$1" in --help | -h) help="y"; break ;; --version | -V) echo "${VERSTR}"; exit 0 ;; -*) echo "ifup: ${1}: invalid option" >&2 echo "${USAGE}" >& 2 exit 2 ;; *) break ;; esac done if [ -n "$help" ]; then echo "${VERSTR}" echo "${USAGE}" echo cat << HERE_EOF ifdown is used to bring down a network interface. The interface parameter, e.g. eth0 or eth0:2, must match the trailing part of the interface specifications file, e.g. /etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0:2. HERE_EOF exit 0 fi file=/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.${1} # Skip backup files [ "${file}" = "${file%""~""}" ] || exit 0 . /lib/lsb/init-functions if [ ! -r "${file}" ]; then log_warning_msg "${file} is missing or cannot be accessed." exit 1 fi . ${file} if [ "$IFACE" = "" ]; then log_failure_msg "${file} does not define an interface [IFACE]." exit 1 fi # We only need to first service to bring down the interface S=`echo ${SERVICE} | cut -f1 -d" "` if ip link show ${IFACE} > /dev/null 2>&1; then if [ -n "${S}" -a -x "/lib/services/${S}" ]; then IFCONFIG=${file} /lib/services/${S} ${IFACE} down else MSG="Unable to process ${file}. Either " MSG="${MSG}the SERVICE variable was not set " MSG="${MSG}or the specified service cannot be executed." log_failure_msg "$MSG" exit 1 fi else log_warning_msg "Interface ${1} doesn't exist." fi # Leave the interface up if there are additional interfaces in the device link_status=`ip link show ${IFACE} 2>/dev/null` if [ -n "${link_status}" ]; then if [ "$(echo "${link_status}" | grep UP)" != "" ]; then if [ "$(ip addr show ${IFACE} | grep 'inet ')" == "" ]; then log_info_msg "Bringing down the ${IFACE} interface..." ip link set ${IFACE} down evaluate_retval fi fi fi # End /sbin/ifdown
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static # # Description : IPV4 Static Boot Script # # Authors : Nathan Coulson - nathan AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Kevin P. Fleming - [email protected] # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## . /lib/lsb/init-functions . ${IFCONFIG} if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then log_failure_msg "\nIP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi if [ -z "${PREFIX}" -a -z "${PEER}" ]; then log_warning_msg "\nPREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, assuming 24." PREFIX=24 args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}" elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" -a -n "${PEER}" ]; then log_failure_msg "\nPREFIX and PEER both specified in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 elif [ -n "${PREFIX}" ]; then args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}" elif [ -n "${PEER}" ]; then args="${args} ${IP} peer ${PEER}" fi if [ -n "${LABEL}" ]; then args="${args} label ${LABEL}" fi if [ -n "${BROADCAST}" ]; then args="${args} broadcast ${BROADCAST}" fi case "${2}" in up) if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2>/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" = "" ]; then log_info_msg "Adding IPv4 address ${IP} to the ${1} interface..." ip addr add ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval else log_warning_msg "Cannot add IPv4 address ${IP} to ${1}. Already present." fi ;; down) if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2>/dev/null | grep ${IP}/)" != "" ]; then log_info_msg "Removing IPv4 address ${IP} from the ${1} interface..." ip addr del ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval fi if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then # Only remove the gateway if there are no remaining ipv4 addresses if [ "$(ip addr show ${1} 2>/dev/null | grep 'inet ')" != "" ]; then log_info_msg "Removing default gateway..." ip route del default evaluate_retval fi fi ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}" exit 1 ;; esac # End /lib/services/ipv4-static
#!/bin/sh ######################################################################## # Begin /lib/services/ipv4-static-route # # Description : IPV4 Static Route Script # # Authors : Kevin P. Fleming - [email protected] # DJ Lucas - dj AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # Update : Bruce Dubbs - bdubbs AT linuxfromscratch D0T org # # Version : LFS 7.0 # ######################################################################## . /lib/lsb/init-functions . ${IFCONFIG} case "${TYPE}" in ("" | "network") need_ip=1 need_gateway=1 ;; ("default") need_gateway=1 args="${args} default" desc="default" ;; ("host") need_ip=1 ;; ("unreachable") need_ip=1 args="${args} unreachable" desc="unreachable " ;; (*) log_failure_msg "Unknown route type (${TYPE}) in ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 ;; esac if [ -n "${GATEWAY}" ]; then MSG="The GATEWAY variable cannot be set in ${IFCONFIG} for static routes.\n" log_failure_msg "$MSG Use STATIC_GATEWAY only, cannot continue" exit 1 fi if [ -n "${need_ip}" ]; then if [ -z "${IP}" ]; then log_failure_msg "IP variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi if [ -z "${PREFIX}" ]; then log_failure_msg "PREFIX variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi args="${args} ${IP}/${PREFIX}" desc="${desc}${IP}/${PREFIX}" fi if [ -n "${need_gateway}" ]; then if [ -z "${STATIC_GATEWAY}" ]; then log_failure_msg "STATIC_GATEWAY variable missing from ${IFCONFIG}, cannot continue." exit 1 fi args="${args} via ${STATIC_GATEWAY}" fi if [ -n "${SOURCE}" ]; then args="${args} src ${SOURCE}" fi case "${2}" in up) log_info_msg "Adding '${desc}' route to the ${1} interface..." ip route add ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval ;; down) log_info_msg "Removing '${desc}' route from the ${1} interface..." ip route del ${args} dev ${1} evaluate_retval ;; *) echo "Usage: ${0} [interface] {up|down}" exit 1 ;; esac # End /lib/services/ipv4-static-route
The rules in this appendix are listed for convenience. Installation is normally done via instructions in Section 8.69, “Eudev-3.2.11”.
# /etc/udev/rules.d/55-lfs.rules: Rule definitions for LFS. # Core kernel devices # This causes the system clock to be set as soon as /dev/rtc becomes available. SUBSYSTEM=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start" KERNEL=="rtc", ACTION=="add", MODE="0644", RUN+="/etc/rc.d/init.d/setclock start" # Comms devices KERNEL=="ippp[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" KERNEL=="isdn[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" KERNEL=="isdnctrl[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout" KERNEL=="dcbri[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout"
This book is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 License.
Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License.
Creative Commons Legal Code
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0
CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS LICENSE DOES NOT CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO WARRANTIES REGARDING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ITS USE.
License
THE WORK (AS DEFINED BELOW) IS PROVIDED UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSE ("CCPL" OR "LICENSE"). THE WORK IS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT AND/OR OTHER APPLICABLE LAW. ANY USE OF THE WORK OTHER THAN AS AUTHORIZED UNDER THIS LICENSE OR COPYRIGHT LAW IS PROHIBITED.
BY EXERCISING ANY RIGHTS TO THE WORK PROVIDED HERE, YOU ACCEPT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. THE LICENSOR GRANTS YOU THE RIGHTS CONTAINED HERE IN CONSIDERATION OF YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS.
Definitions
"Collective Work" means a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology or encyclopedia, in which the Work in its entirety in unmodified form, along with a number of other contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work (as defined below) for the purposes of this License.
"Derivative Work" means a work based upon the Work or upon the Work and other pre-existing works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which the Work may be recast, transformed, or adapted, except that a work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work for the purpose of this License. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical composition or sound recording, the synchronization of the Work in timed-relation with a moving image ("synching") will be considered a Derivative Work for the purpose of this License.
"Licensor" means the individual or entity that offers the Work under the terms of this License.
"Original Author" means the individual or entity who created the Work.
"Work" means the copyrightable work of authorship offered under the terms of this License.
"You" means an individual or entity exercising rights under this License who has not previously violated the terms of this License with respect to the Work, or who has received express permission from the Licensor to exercise rights under this License despite a previous violation.
"License Elements" means the following high-level license attributes as selected by Licensor and indicated in the title of this License: Attribution, Noncommercial, ShareAlike.
Fair Use Rights. Nothing in this license is intended to reduce, limit, or restrict any rights arising from fair use, first sale or other limitations on the exclusive rights of the copyright owner under copyright law or other applicable laws.
License Grant. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright) license to exercise the rights in the Work as stated below:
to reproduce the Work, to incorporate the Work into one or more Collective Works, and to reproduce the Work as incorporated in the Collective Works;
to create and reproduce Derivative Works;
to distribute copies or phonorecords of, display publicly, perform publicly, and perform publicly by means of a digital audio transmission the Work including as incorporated in Collective Works;
to distribute copies or phonorecords of, display publicly, perform publicly, and perform publicly by means of a digital audio transmission Derivative Works;
The above rights may be exercised in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The above rights include the right to make such modifications as are technically necessary to exercise the rights in other media and formats. All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved, including but not limited to the rights set forth in Sections 4(e) and 4(f).
Restrictions.The license granted in Section 3 above is expressly made subject to and limited by the following restrictions:
You may distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work only under the terms of this License, and You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License with every copy or phonorecord of the Work You distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Work that alter or restrict the terms of this License or the recipients' exercise of the rights granted hereunder. You may not sublicense the Work. You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties. You may not distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work with any technological measures that control access or use of the Work in a manner inconsistent with the terms of this License Agreement. The above applies to the Work as incorporated in a Collective Work, but this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License. If You create a Collective Work, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Collective Work any reference to such Licensor or the Original Author, as requested. If You create a Derivative Work, upon notice from any Licensor You must, to the extent practicable, remove from the Derivative Work any reference to such Licensor or the Original Author, as requested.
You may distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform a Derivative Work only under the terms of this License, a later version of this License with the same License Elements as this License, or a Creative Commons iCommons license that contains the same License Elements as this License (e.g. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Japan). You must include a copy of, or the Uniform Resource Identifier for, this License or other license specified in the previous sentence with every copy or phonorecord of each Derivative Work You distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform. You may not offer or impose any terms on the Derivative Works that alter or restrict the terms of this License or the recipients' exercise of the rights granted hereunder, and You must keep intact all notices that refer to this License and to the disclaimer of warranties. You may not distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Derivative Work with any technological measures that control access or use of the Work in a manner inconsistent with the terms of this License Agreement. The above applies to the Derivative Work as incorporated in a Collective Work, but this does not require the Collective Work apart from the Derivative Work itself to be made subject to the terms of this License.
You may not exercise any of the rights granted to You in Section 3 above in any manner that is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. The exchange of the Work for other copyrighted works by means of digital file-sharing or otherwise shall not be considered to be intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation, provided there is no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with the exchange of copyrighted works.
If you distribute, publicly display, publicly perform, or publicly digitally perform the Work or any Derivative Works or Collective Works, You must keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and give the Original Author credit reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing by conveying the name (or pseudonym if applicable) of the Original Author if supplied; the title of the Work if supplied; to the extent reasonably practicable, the Uniform Resource Identifier, if any, that Licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work; and in the case of a Derivative Work, a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Derivative Work (e.g., "French translation of the Work by Original Author," or "Screenplay based on original Work by Original Author"). Such credit may be implemented in any reasonable manner; provided, however, that in the case of a Derivative Work or Collective Work, at a minimum such credit will appear where any other comparable authorship credit appears and in a manner at least as prominent as such other comparable authorship credit.
For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a musical composition:
Performance Royalties Under Blanket Licenses. Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance rights society (e.g. ASCAP, BMI, SESAC), royalties for the public performance or public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of the Work if that performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.
Mechanical Rights and Statutory Royalties. Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a music rights agency or designated agent (e.g. Harry Fox Agency), royalties for any phonorecord You create from the Work ("cover version") and distribute, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 115 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your distribution of such cover version is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation. 6. Webcasting Rights and Statutory Royalties. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a sound recording, Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society (e.g. SoundExchange), royalties for the public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of the Work, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.
Webcasting Rights and Statutory Royalties. For the avoidance of doubt, where the Work is a sound recording, Licensor reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society (e.g. SoundExchange), royalties for the public digital performance (e.g. webcast) of the Work, subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.
Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer
UNLESS OTHERWISE MUTUALLY AGREED TO BY THE PARTIES IN WRITING, LICENSOR OFFERS THE WORK AS-IS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE WORK, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTIBILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT, OR THE ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OF ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT DISCOVERABLE. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO SUCH EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
Limitation on Liability. EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS LICENSE OR THE USE OF THE WORK, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Termination
This License and the rights granted hereunder will terminate automatically upon any breach by You of the terms of this License. Individuals or entities who have received Derivative Works or Collective Works from You under this License, however, will not have their licenses terminated provided such individuals or entities remain in full compliance with those licenses. Sections 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 will survive any termination of this License.
Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work). Notwithstanding the above, Licensor reserves the right to release the Work under different license terms or to stop distributing the Work at any time; provided, however that any such election will not serve to withdraw this License (or any other license that has been, or is required to be, granted under the terms of this License), and this License will continue in full force and effect unless terminated as stated above.
Miscellaneous
Each time You distribute or publicly digitally perform the Work or a Collective Work, the Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.
Each time You distribute or publicly digitally perform a Derivative Work, Licensor offers to the recipient a license to the original Work on the same terms and conditions as the license granted to You under this License.
If any provision of this License is invalid or unenforceable under applicable law, it shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of the terms of this License, and without further action by the parties to this agreement, such provision shall be reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make such provision valid and enforceable.
No term or provision of this License shall be deemed waived and no breach consented to unless such waiver or consent shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged with such waiver or consent.
This License constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the Work licensed here. There are no understandings, agreements or representations with respect to the Work not specified here. Licensor shall not be bound by any additional provisions that may appear in any communication from You. This License may not be modified without the mutual written agreement of the Licensor and You.
Creative Commons is not a party to this License, and makes no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Work. Creative Commons will not be liable to You or any party on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection to this license. Notwithstanding the foregoing two (2) sentences, if Creative Commons has expressly identified itself as the Licensor hereunder, it shall have all rights and obligations of Licensor.
Except for the limited purpose of indicating to the public that the Work is licensed under the CCPL, neither party will use the trademark "Creative Commons" or any related trademark or logo of Creative Commons without the prior written consent of Creative Commons. Any permitted use will be in compliance with Creative Commons' then-current trademark usage guidelines, as may be published on its website or otherwise made available upon request from time to time.
Creative Commons may be contacted at http://creativecommons.org/.
Copyright © 1999-2022 Gerard Beekmans
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.